However, the Medieval period brought two developments—the use of water power in the bloomery process in various places (outlined above), and the first European production in cast iron. Food? The limestone cliffs that trace the shoreline of Snail Shell Harbor served as more than just a breath-taking view. Cast iron is rather brittle and unsuitable for striking implements. Last into the furnaces at Fayette to remove impurities. If this was the game. You can’t miss them. [19] About 1500 BC, increasing numbers of non-meteoritic, smelted iron objects appeared in Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Egypt. [43] Along with their original methods of forging steel, the Chinese had also adopted the production methods of creating Wootz steel, an idea imported from India to China by the 5th century AD. Iron smelting—the extraction of usable metal from oxidized iron ores—is more difficult than tin and copper smelting. Perhaps, this was on purpose because the town was essentially built for one purpose: iron production. The melting temperature of three metals, iron, copper, and tin, is at the heart of the Hittite discovery. The quality of the steel could be improved by faggoting, producing the so-called shear steel. A more recent theory claims that the development of iron technology was driven by the disruption of the copper and tin trade routes, due to the collapse of the empires at the end of the Late Bronze Age. This shop is unlike your dad’s modern-day man cave filled with Bosch supplies that run off conventional power sources. Another example of a late use of meteoritic iron is an adze from around 1000 AD found in Sweden. His products were all of cast iron, though his immediate successors attempted (with little commercial success) to fine this to bar iron. In the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), iron smelting technology made further progress, as indicated by the appearance of various kinds of furnaces, the use of refractory materials and bellows that were made of leather and powered by human strength. As the technology spread, iron came to replace bronze as the dominant metal used for tools and weapons across the Eastern Mediterranean (the Levant, Cyprus, Greece, Crete, Anatolia and Egypt).[15]. The iron plate is a material that can be made by smelting iron ore in a furnace.It is a component or subcomponent of almost every item in Factorio, and it is recommended to create a large stockpile when possible. The furnaces were dug into the crests of hills, and the wind was diverted into the air vents by long trenches. Smelting plays such a vital role in history that scholars typically divide ancient history into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. Throughout the 7th to 6th centuries BC, iron artifacts remained luxury items reserved for an elite. This rose to over two million by 1850. Simulation of air flows through a Sri Lankan wind driven furnace, submitted to J. Arch. Most people know of the rich Civil War history of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia but few know that the Valley was also rich in iron smelting history. Some texts of the era mention "harmonizing the hard and the soft" in the context of ironworking; the phrase may refer to this process. In Summary. When asked by King Porus to select a gift, Alexander is said to have chosen, over gold or silver, thirty pounds of steel. : "Iron", Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds. The Fayette Visitors Guide notes that in 1879 the hotel stated that it was “a favorite summer resort” and a group of visitors from Chicago boasted that it was “the most pleasant place of amusement they had yet found”. You will need to pay him and follow his instructions as well as the grand master listed below. [15] That transition happened at different times in different places, as the technology spread. [16][17] Around 500 BC, the Nubians, who had learned from the Assyrians the use of iron and were expelled from Egypt, became major manufacturers and exporters of iron. According to records he was one of many defendants accused of trespassing and assault in 1880, but that is a story for another time. Oh the, Upper Peninsula State Fair & Events Grounds, How to be a Yooper for the Day in the Escanaba Area, Mi Playground Review of Fayette Historic State Park. In fact, you can find it in our blog called Wild West Fayette. The key was a clay receptacle for … Needing a larger supply of pig iron he leased the blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709. The only thing Fayette didn’t have was a garbage system. The early Hittites are known to have bartered iron (meteoritic or smelted) for silver, at a rate of 40 times the iron's weight, with the Old Assyrian Empire in the first centuries of the second millennium BC. [28] Wootz steel is famous from Classical Antiquity for its durability and ability to hold an edge. After an iron rock is mined, it will respawn in 5.4 seconds. Lankton notes that the windows were originally flanked by wrought iron shutters to prevent fire, which was not an uncommon downfall to many of the buildings in Fayette. cannons, pistols, rifles, and railroad locomotives. These machinists needed more background knowledge than just operating power-driven machine tools because a great deal was done by hand. Iron is one of the elements undoubtedly known to the ancient world. While the iron bloom contained some carbon, the subsequent hot-working oxidized most of it. The final age of iron led to important technologies like steel that are still used in manufacturing and civil engineering. by Larry Lankton in 2018, Fayette was an attractive prospect. [51][52], Inhabitants of Termit, in eastern Niger, smelted iron around 1500 BC. Park Historian, Troy Henderson, was able to give more insight on the importance of the resources in the area. It has been worked, or wrought, for millennia. Iron working was a common element of everyday life in Iron Age Britain. Roastingthe carbonate and sulfide minerals in air converts them to oxides. They are what is left behind of time when the cost of a suit was $17, profitable employment was rare, and many children sacrificed their education to help out at home. [23] Bronze objects remained abundant, and these objects have the same percentage of tin as those from the Late Bronze Age. a waterwheel) in working the bellows of the blast furnace. Collins, Rober O. and Burns, James M. The History of Sub-Saharan Africa. These theories are based on the premise that iron smelting originated somewhere in Anatolia and from there the technology was adopted by other populations and spread throughout the Mediterranean and into Africa. [citation needed] The others – copper, lead, silver, tin, iron and mercury – occur primarily as minerals, though copper is occasionally found in its native state in commercially significant quantities. Walk yourself on down to the Company Store. Sorry, not punny. By the 1st century BC, Chinese metallurgists had found that wrought iron and cast iron could be melted together to yield an alloy of intermediate carbon content, that is, steel. The tools were also fit to work on any variety of tasks. Besides meteoritic iron, Thule people of Greenland have used native iron from the Disko region. By the end of that century, this Walloon process spread to the Pay de Bray on the eastern boundary of Normandy, and then to England, where it became the main method of making wrought iron by 1600. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters. The iron ore was considered of equal or higher grade thean many English ores and in 1872 two companies were formed to commence smelting, the Tasmanian Charcoal Iron Co. to exploit the first discovered ore at Mt. When not working Robert Bassler was a member of the Fayette Brass Band and played the solo alto and likely played at Fayette’s Music Hall. [7][8][57][58][59], There is also evidence that carbon steel was made in Western Tanzania by the ancestors of the Haya people as early as 2,300-2,000 years ago (about 300 BC or soon after) by a complex process of "pre-heating" allowing temperatures inside a furnace to reach 1300 to 1400° C.[60][61][62][63][64][65], Iron and copper working spread southward through the continent, reaching the Cape around AD 200. This arrangement created a zone of high pressure at the entrance, and a zone of low pressure at the top of the furnace. Henderson believes that this would have constituted Bassler as a middle to upper-class citizen compared to someone receiving $40 a month working in the furnace. Mesopotamia was fully into the Iron Age by 900 BC. In smelting, a technician uses heat and a reducing agentto catalyze a chemical reaction that frees the iron so it can be extracted. In 1867, Fayette Brown the company agent (hence the town name) was given the okay to start construction of an iron smelting works. Meteoritic iron is very rare, and the metal was probably very expensive, perhaps more expensive than gold. The 14th Century is when smelting first began to be practiced in Europe. Agitating the resultant “puddle” of metal caused carbon to be removed by oxidation … It has been confirmed by archaeological evidence that iron, made from melting pig-iron, was developed in ancient China in … This and other 19th-century and later steel making processes have displaced wrought iron. Ironsmiths in India began using the imported iron to manufacture utensils and implements. [45] Although Du Shi was the first to apply water power to bellows in metallurgy, the first drawn and printed illustration of its operation with water power appeared in 1313 AD, in the Yuan Dynasty era text called the Nong Shu. At this temperature, iron combines with 4.3% carbon and melts. After the carbon content in the melt had dropped to the desired level, the air draft was cut off: a typical Bessemer converter could convert a 25-ton batch of pig iron to steel in half an hour. [52] The site of Gbabiri (in the Central African Republic) has yielded evidence of iron metallurgy, from a reduction furnace and blacksmith workshop; with earliest dates of 896-773 BC and 907-796 BC respectively. It became mature about 1500 BC. The Iron Revolution in History British iron production in 1700 was 12,000 metric tons a year. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. In the Bessemer process, molten pig iron from the blast furnace was charged into a large crucible, and then air was blown through the molten iron from below, igniting the dissolved carbon from the coke. [2] Nineteen meteoric iron objects were found in the tomb of Egyptian ruler Tutankhamun, who died in 1323 BC, including an iron dagger with a golden hilt, an Eye of Horus, the mummy's head-stand and sixteen models of an artisan's tools. Iron working was introduced to Greece in the late 10th century BC. The spread of ironworking in Central and Western Europe is associated with Celtic expansion. A very odd, unexpected story. This was produced using the crucible steel method, based on the earlier Indian wootz steel. It began far back in prehistory. In order to adapt water wheels for gristmilling purposes, cams were used for raising and releasing trip hammers. Dare I try simpler terms? This process was adopted in the Middle East using locally produced steels. The development of iron smelting was traditionally attributed to the Hittites of Anatolia of the Late Bronze Age. [9] A mass grave in Hebei province, dated to the early 3rd century BC, contains several soldiers buried with their weapons and other equipment. While these metals and their alloys can be cold-worked or melted in relatively simple furnaces (such as the kilns used for pottery) and cast into molds, smelted iron requires hot-working and can be melted only in specially designed furnaces. Mild steel ultimately replaced wrought iron for almost all purposes, and wrought iron is no longer commercially produced. The second was the development of a process capable of producing the temperatures at which ore would tu… Iron smelting is an industrial process used to extract usable iron from raw ore with the use of heat and chemical agents. Metallurgy as it is known today developed over a period of about 6,500 years. Around 400 BC, Indian metalworkers invented a smelting method that happened to bond the perfect amount of carbon to iron. The process is, as I said earlier, an extracting of the base metal of the ore. Despite Basslers run-in with the law, it is certain that in the machine shop these machinists were like unsung heroes. I was lucky enough to get ahold of some bios on the machinists of the 1800’s from Henderson, one by the name of Robert Bassler. 14 There is a tradeoff for this speed, however: melting the iron causes it to take on a very high (2-4%) carbon content, thus resulting in brittle cast iron . Which would have come in handy with all the worker’s kids running around barefoot. Finally, the basic oxygen process was introduced at the Voest-Alpine works in 1952; a modification of the basic Bessemer process, it lances oxygen from above the steel (instead of bubbling air from below), reducing the amount of nitrogen uptake into the steel. Cast iron development lagged in Europe because wrought iron was the desired product and the intermediate step of producing cast iron involved an expensive blast furnace and further refining of pig iron to cast iron, which then required a labor and capital intensive conversion to wrought iron.[80]. [78] In England, the first clear documentary evidence for this is the accounts of a forge of the Bishop of Durham, near Bedburn in 1408,[79] but that was certainly not the first such ironworks. This self-sustainability would not have been possible without the many shops in Fayette that were responsible for building and repairing structures. This was recorded in the year 31 AD, as an innovation by the Chinese mechanical engineer and politician Du Shi, Prefect of Nanyang. It is no surprise that the charcoal was used to heat the furnaces for the iron production. Iron has a melting point of 1535 degrees C (about 2795 degrees F), copper melts at 1083 degrees C (about 1972 degrees F), and tin melts at 231.97 degrees C (about 422 F). During this time, carbon diffused into the surface layers of the iron, producing cement steel or blister steel—also known as case hardened, where the portions wrapped in iron (the pick or axe blade) became harder, than say an axe hammer-head or shaft socket which might be insulated by clay to keep them from the carbon source. While there are some iron objects from Bronze Age Anatolia, the number is comparable to iron objects found in Egypt and other places of the same time period, and only a small number of those objects were weapons.[21]. Smelting is a process of applying heat to ore in order to extract a base metal.It is a form of extractive metallurgy.It is used to extract many metals from their ores, including silver, iron, copper, and other base metals.Smelting uses heat and a chemical reducing agent to decompose the ore, driving off other elements as gases or slag and leaving the metal base behind. In 1867, Fayette Brown the company agent (hence the town name) was given the okay to start construction of an iron smelting works. Cort used a coal-fired reverberatory furnace to melt a charge of pig iron to which iron oxide was added to make a slag. [2] The archaeological evidence seems to point to the Middle East area, during the Bronze Age in the 3rd millennium BC. His pots were thinner and hence cheaper than those of his rivals. Bloomeries with hot blast were used in upstate New York in the mid-19th century. The first well-known bloomery style iron furnace was constructed during the early 1700’s in south-east Pennsylvania, Lebanon County, Cornwall. This location allowed for a longer shipping season and was more cost-effective than shipping in Lake Superior. [7][8] The use of wrought iron (worked iron) was known by the 1st millennium BC, and its spread marked the Iron Age. This location allowed for a longer shipping season and was more cost-effective than shipping in Lake Superior. The carbon monoxide produced by the charcoal reduced the iron oxide from the ore to metallic iron. One theory suggests that metallurgy was introduced through Central Asia. The flow is believed to have allowed higher temperatures than bellows-driven furnaces could produce, resulting in better-quality iron. [19], Although iron objects dating from the Bronze Age have been found across the Eastern Mediterranean, bronzework appears to have greatly predominated during this period. Historians debate whether bloomery-based ironworking ever spread to China from the Middle East. There, he made iron using coke, thus establishing the first successful business in Europe to do so. Which it eventually did. Typically pea-size bits of metal were cold-hammered into disks and fitted to a bone handle. This was probably done by putting the ore into a small furnace, then heating it up to extreme temperatures. It wasn’t long after Mr. Brown first visited Snail Shell Harbor before an … Large-scale iron smelting occurs in facilities worldwide, … For over 144 years the area produced iron ore and smelted ore into pig iron. Food? That means the profit margin falls between 44,544 and 49,493 hourly.. Edgeville furnace is the closest furnace to a bank, and it has no requirements. Riederer, Josef; Wartke, Ralf-B. During the Industrial Revolution, new methods of producing bar iron by substituting coke for charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel, creating a new era of greatly increased use of iron and steel that some contemporaries described as a new Iron Age. Which would have come in handy with all the worker’s kids running around barefoot. [47] By the 11th century, there was a large amount of deforestation in China due to the iron industry's demands for charcoal. According to that theory, the ancient Sea Peoples, who invaded the Eastern Mediterranean and destroyed the Hittite empire at the end of the Late Bronze Age, were responsible for spreading the knowledge through that region. In the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), iron smelting technology made further progress, as indicated by the appearance of various kinds of furnaces, the use of refractory materials and bellows that were made of leather and powered by human strength. The sun descends into the interior of the building from six windows and its chimney towers into the sky. They used aerial photography and magnetic reconnaissance to detect furnaces and ore works. The smelting, or reduction, of iron ore is a thermochemical reaction, wherein the iron oxides are reduced to metallic iron.Impurities in the ore are melted out of the ore in the form of slags – most commonly iron silicates – while the iron itself is never truly molten. Instead the product of the smelt is a spongy mass of iron and slag known as a ‘bloom’. This then needs to be consolidated by hammering while the bloom is at a (white) welding heat. [75] Peter Paufler, a member of the Dresden team, says that these nanostructures give Damascus steel its distinctive properties[76] and are a result of the forging process.[76][77]. [13], These early uses appear to have been largely ceremonial or decorative. Metalworking is one of the oldest crafts, going back far beyond recorded history. You had all you needed right there. These were batch-based processes whose raw material was bar iron, particularly Swedish oregrounds iron. When walking the roads of Fayette one must be careful not to fall blind to the many stories eager for their shot in the light. With minor exceptions, alloy steels only began to be made in the late 19th century. However this was probably only a technological rather than a commercial success. Iron has a melting point of 1535 degrees C (about 2795 degrees F), copper melts at 1083 degrees C (about 1972 degrees F), and tin melts at 231.97 degrees C (about 422 F). Of the pure, or native, metals, gold and silver seem to have attracted attention at an early date, but both were too soft for tools. [5], Iron artifacts such as spikes, knives, daggers, arrow-heads, bowls, spoons, saucepans, axes, chisels, tongs, door fittings, etc., dated from 600 to 200 BC, have been discovered at several archaeological sites of India. That means the profit margin falls between 44,544 and 49,493 hourly.. Edgeville furnace is the closest furnace to a bank, and it has no requirements. [21] By the 12th century BC, iron smelting and forging, of weapons and tools, was common from Sub-Saharan Africa through India. When smelted in a furnace for a second time, iron plates will transform into steel plates, with a ratio of 5 iron plates per 1 steel plate. The key was a clay receptacle for the molten metal: a … [86], It was only after this that economically viable means of converting pig iron to bar iron began to be devised. The first well-known bloomery style iron furnace was constructed during the early 1700’s in south-east Pennsylvania, Lebanon County, Cornwall. Fayette would be the winning spot on the board. Prior to that, ancient blacksmiths could never heat the iron to the point of it flowing as a liquid. [30] According to Will Durant, the technology passed to the Persians and from them to Arabs who spread it through the Middle East. So like the nineteenth century people of Fayette your set-up pretty well to enjoy yourself. By the 1st century BC, Noric steel was famous for its quality and sought-after by the Roman military. In 2018, archaeologists from Tomsk State University in Russia conducted excavations of ancient iron smelting workshops on the banks of the Kuyakhtanar River. The production of pig iron with coke was probably achieved by Dud Dudley around 1619,[82] and with a mixed fuel made from coal and wood again in the 1670s. Stainless steel was developed on the eve of World War I and was not widely used until the 1920s. In 1864, the Peninsula Railroad made the connection between Negaunee mine to Escanaba, which soon acquired an iron loading dock and later became a bustling port city. [7][8] The widespread use of iron revolutionized the Bantu-speaking farming communities who adopted it, driving out and absorbing the rock tool using hunter-gatherer societies they encountered as they expanded to farm wider areas of savanna. 35 kg roasted and crushed bog ore. New York:Cambridge University Press, p. 37. In 1709 he produced It's recommended that the player is at least level 19 to do this method since at that level you have a 10% chance of doubling a bar without using any resources while smelting. In the 1740s, Benjamin Huntsman found a means of melting blister steel, made by the cementation process, in crucibles. The oxides, in turn, … These processes permitted the great expansion in the production of iron that constitutes the Industrial Revolution for the iron industry.[87]. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, pp. The carpenter’s shop had you covered. Within a few decades, the practice was to have a 'stove' as large as the furnace next to it into which the waste gas (containing CO) from the furnace was directed and burnt. Mr. Fayette Brown started construction in Snail Shell Harbor just two years after the Civil War in which pig iron had seen an influx in demand for the production of cannons, pistols, rifles, and railroad locomotives. However, in the peace after the Nine Years War, there was no demand for these. The pillar is made of wrought iron (98% Fe), is almost seven meters high and weighs more than six tonnes. For all these processes, charcoal was required as fuel. To put it in perspective about 35 chords of timber were burned in one sitting and at one point there were over 60 kilns in 10 miles of Fayette. [82] This further reduced production costs. The history of ferrous metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began in the 2nd millennium BC. In doing so, the slags trapped in the bloom are squeezed out and the gaps are w… Shadrach Fox may have smelted iron with coke at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire in the 1690s, but only to make cannonballs and other cast iron products such as shells. Concentrated ore and a flux, commonly limestone, are charged into the top, and molten matte—a compound of copper, iron, and sulfur—and slag are drawn out at the bottom. In 1864, the Peninsula Railroad made the connection between Negaunee mine to Escanaba, which soon acquired an iron loading dock and later became a bustling port city. Draft, which allows a furnace to reach higher temperatures, was achieved by running pipes to the bottom and pumping air through with a bellows. Smelting is using heat to separate the bad stuff from the good stuff. Extracting iron from bog ore is a traditional summer activity, which may be experienced at any decent Viking museum in Scandinavia. Careful though, you might run the risk of staying long after your vacation. He acquired premises at Coalbrookdale, on the Severn, close to supplies of low-sulfur coal. This laborious, time-consuming process produced wrought iron, a malleable but fairly soft alloy. The first furnace west of the Blue Ridge Mountains was built in this region. ): White, W. C.: "Bronze Culture of Ancient China", p. 208. [53], In the region of the Aïr Mountains in Niger there are also signs of independent copper smelting between 2500 and 1500 BC. Smelting iron ore into iron bars has a 50% success rate, unless the player is wearing a ring of forging, using superheat item, or using the blast furnace. In the early 19th century, Hall discovered that the addition of iron oxide to the charge of the puddling furnace caused a violent reaction, in which the pig iron was decarburised, this became known as 'wet puddling'. The carpenter’s shop had you covered. The process was not in a developed state, indicating smelting was not foreign. By the late 19th century iron and steel were being imported from Britain. It wasn’t long after Mr. Brown first visited Snail Shell Harbor before an entire town appeared on the shoreline. By 500 BC iron had replaced bronze as the usual metal for making tools and weapons. 27 Three ingredients are mixed in a smelting furnace: ore, carbon, and flux. [2], Native iron in the metallic state occurs rarely as small inclusions in certain basalt rocks. There’s not a ton of information on Mr. Bassler but one can assume what his life might have been like. But until a few thousand years ago, one of the most abundant metals—iron—was virtually unknown. Ironsmiths in India began using the imported iron to manufacture utensils and implements. Steel was produced in Sri Lanka from 300 BC[28] by furnaces blown by the monsoon winds. [2] These artifacts were also used as trade goods with other Arctic peoples: tools made from the Cape York meteorite have been found in archaeological sites more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) distant. Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", G. R. Morton and N. Mutton, 'The transition to Cort's puddling process', "5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron", "Iron Age in South India: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh", "The origins of iron-working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas", "Sharpest cut from nanotube sword: Carbon nanotech may have given swords of Damascus their edge", "Review: Delhi Iron Pillar: New Insights", "List of Publications on Indian Archaeometallurgy", "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja", "Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at The Royal City of Meroe", "Microstructure of a genuine Damascus sabre", "Legendary Swords' Sharpness, Strength From Nanotubes, Study Says", English steelmaking in the seventeenth century: the excavation of two cementation furnaces at Coalbrookdale, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferrous_metallurgy&oldid=991830915, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Pounds, Norman J. G. “Historical Geography of the Iron and Steel Industry of France.”, This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 01:22. The basic oxygen process is used in all modern steelworks; the last Bessemer converter in the U.S. was retired in 1968. [18], One of the earliest smelted iron artifacts, a dagger with an iron blade found in a Hattic tomb in Anatolia, dated from 2500 BC. By this time, Chinese metallurgists had discovered how to fine molten pig iron, stirring it in the open air until it lost its carbon and could be hammered (wrought). In doing so, the slags trapped in the bloom are squeezed out and the gaps are w… Lankton states, “The greatest danger was to catch a finger, hand, sleeve, tie or pant leg between a belt and a pulley. For over 144 years the area produced iron ore and smelted ore into pig iron. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters. [16] The Greek historian Herodotus wrote the first western account of the use of iron in India. Report on the Machine Shop and other Shops at Fayette Iron Works. By smelting ore locally it could ship pig iron off to larger markets. It was a time of boom, and with every boom comes a consequential bust. The earliest surviving iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt,[1] were made from meteoritic iron-nickel. The place and time for the discovery of iron smelting is not known, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing metal extracted from nickel-containing ores from hot-worked meteoritic iron. During the medieval period, means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron (in this context known as pig iron) using finery forges. This limestone also served a crucial part of the iron production process and was used as flux to help rid of impurities. This self-sustainability would not have been possible without the many shops in Fayette that were responsible for building and repairing structures. 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