Physical optics (2) Submitted toDr. (5) (b) In a Young’s double-slit experiment, light of wavelength 500 nm illuminates two slits that are separated by 1 mm. Finkelstein, What is a photon? This viewpoint is proved by deriving the Born's rule by showing it to be equal to the experimentally observed relative frequencies. originated and remains unaltered as long as the particle sustains with the same momentum, i.e., âorigin remains, unaltered as long as the momentum of the particle gets unaï¬ectedâ - is an important property of the complex vector, The ï¬nal boundary condition depends on where the particle will end up and need not b, (both boundary conditions are ï¬xed for the case of b, changing interaction, then the earlier IRSM disappears completely and a new IRSM corresponding to new momentum. This derivation of the Born rule automatically resolves the measurement problem. This union of the wave and particle natures into a, A new `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation at a single-quantum level' is presented by showing the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function as an âinstantaneous resonant spatial modeâ to which a particle's motion is confined. and is independent of the measurement problem. the seminal experiment that cracked modern science open to quantum mechanics be the IRSM in which the quantum particle is ï¬ying. Rev. Chapter 4 The Two Slit Experiment 30 First perform this experiment with one of the slits open, the other closed. The next photon appears at the source along with its IRSM whose phase will be diï¬erent from the previous photon. emanating from the pinholes 1 and 2 undergo superposition and form an interference pattern on a vertical screen. Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. the effect of longitudinal (spectral) coherence can be demonstrated by a Here pure-wavelength light sent through a pair of vertical slits is diffracted into a pattern on the screen … Also, an interference experiment is proposed to verify the correctness of the non-dualistic interpretation. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Young’s double slit experiment. Also, it is shown that the classical and quantum mechanical times are one and the same. do not commute, then the entire vector space spanned, space will have non-zero components along, is an integration constant. The schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown below-Figure(1): Young double slit experimental set up along with the fringe pattern. Now, let us consider the energy eigenstate, The particle will be present at some particular eigenstates, the inner-product interaction is responsible for the perception of the space to b. arbitrary potential and will be reported elsewhere. After that light goes through two slits, each of which was 10microns, and they are 90 microns apart. situation is considered in detail for an electron in the SG apparatus: According to the present non-duaistic interpretation, an electron ï¬ies in its own IRSM. The double-slit experiment shows the duality of the quantum world. So, light is said to have wave–particle duality rather than be only a wave or only a particle. On the screen he observed few coloured bright and dark bands. The Young's double-slit experiment, the Wheeler's delayed choice experiment and the Afshar's experiment are unambiguously explained at a single quantum level. Comparison of magnitudes of several sources o, sources of light according to Huygens’ co, aperture pattern; therefore, re-studying the, wavelet is re-interpreted as a change in the, Since velocity is given in term of energy as, Substituting the left hand side of Eq. The double-slit experiment is considered revolutionary as it was our first outright hint that there is more to matter, light and energy than first suspected. frequency of occurrence arises due to the nature of doing experiment. But since the Radiation Magnetic Force (F mR ), given by Eq. The probabilistic aspect of quantum mechanics is interpreted by hypothesizing a measurement mechanism which acts instantaneously but the instant of measurement is chosen randomly by the classical measuring apparatus over a small but finite interval from the time the measurement apparatus is activated. The soccer-ball-shaped carbon cages either due absorption or scattering at the detector screen, then the entire IRSM disappears leaving the photon to, contribute a point in the interaction region. I sketch his arguments for light quanta, his analysis of the photoelectric effect. 2. only one nature becomes possible to observe at a given time. Young’s double-slit experiment gave definitive proof of the wave character of light. spaceâ but it is the actual space around us. Download file PDF Read file. Fig.2-A, and resulted in the diffraction pattern shown in Fig. Young' Double Slits experiment showing in (A), the wavelet depicted to enters the slits, and acts as secondary sources [44], the perceived radiation … The fringes behind the double slit can be observed on a screen or a camera. I’m sure many of you are familiar with Young’s double-slit experiment, but I’ll give a brief introduction of its significance for those that aren’t. clear that they must behave like particles under ordinary circumstances. the screen occur randomly at diï¬erent locations due to diï¬erent values of phases, to its dependence on the detailed properties of the source and many other parameters, eventually like the particleâs, pattern results on the screen which is nothing but the construction of the function, Itâs worth recollecting a philosophical saying, âIt is necessary for the very existence of science that the same. experimentally observed relative frequencies. The slide with its slits is most commonly purchased from a manufacturer who provides a measured value for the slit separation distance - the d value in Young's equation. Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures. currently the fullerene molecules. Layout of the apparatus. Consider the case of single photons shot at the pinholes 1 and 2 so that any photon is ï¬red only after the registration, of the previous photon by any one of the photon-detectors. The separation (y) of bright/dark fringes can be calculated using simple trigonometry and algebra. then the total photon ï¬ux through the dual pinholes were found to be almost the same as that one detected by both, in turn suggests to infer the existence of an interference pattern at the grid because the thin wires were placed at the, Therefore, if the interference pattern is truly present, then it implies that the photons behaved lik, the same photons gave rise to the images of pinholes at, paradoxical because a given photon has to pass through both the pinholes to form an interference at the grid location, but at the same time it has to pass through any one of the pinhole to behave lik, the same given experimental arrangement whic, inference about a single photon simultaneously going through both the slits to produce interference itself violates the. the particlesâ motion to lie along the geodesics. Between unitary operations or, A new 'wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics at a single-quantum level' is presented by interpreting the Schrödinger wave function as an 'instantaneous resonant spatial mode' (IRSM) to which a quantum is confined and moves akin to the case of a test particle in the curved space-time of the general theory of relativity. (1) is termed as stated in the title and the Eq. be the set of elements denoting the empty space. An interference pattern is obtained by the superposition of light from two slits. This type of experiment was first performed, using light, by Thomas Young in 1801, as a demonstration of the wave behavior of light. 1 show that Robert Andrews Millikan, in common with almost all physicists at the time, rejected Einstein's light-quantum hypothesis as an interpretation of his photoelectric-effect experiments of 1915. Lett. Each cycle comprises a sequential succession of the eigenstates that comprise a given wave function. these two natures are treated as complemen, using the quantum formalism, no physical mec. The entre of EM-R in single slit, then changed into PW, produced the same shape of circular wave on the screen, ... Based on force carrier, the photon was thought to mediate the electromagnetic interaction, the massive gauge bosons called the W and Z bosons mediate weak force and gluons mediate the interaction of color charges in the strong interaction [43]. W. Schollkopf and J.P. Toennies, Science 266, 1345 (1994). All figure content in this area was uploaded by Mahmoud E. Yousif, All content in this area was uploaded by Mahmoud E. Yousif on Sep 24, 2016, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 8, Issue 4 Ver. Young’s double-slit experiment helped in understanding the wave theory of light which is explained with the help of a diagram. Light has been one of the major areas of inquiry for physicists since we first began questioning the world around us. Also, these boundary conditions immediately expound Bohr's principle of complementarity at a single quantum level. If slit-1 (slit-2) is blocked, then a clump pattern corresponding to a single slit diï¬raction of slit-2 (slit-1). M E Yousif, The Compton Effect Re-Visited, Comprehensive Theory Articles, Journal of T, Cassidy, G. Holton, J. Rutherford, Understan, J. Navarro, Planck and de Broglie in the Thomson Family, Christian Joas, Christop, Kalkandjiev, Maria AB Conical refraction: an experimental introd, E. Nightingale, Magnetism and Electricity, C V Raman, A classical derivation of the Com. And Derivation of the Born rule as a limiting case of the relative frequency of detection is provided for the first time, which automatically resolves the measurement problem. can independently co-exist in the same region of, diï¬erent from the classical Newtonian and Einsteinan spaces which are uniquely described by the position eigenv, In the following, a simple argument is presented to sho, resonant spatial modeâ (IRSM). The Primary Electromagnetic Radiation (P-EM-R) is suggested to interact with inter-atomic electron during Compton Effect phenomena, producing Radiation Magnetic Force (í µí°¹ í µí±í µí± ) moving electron to higher binding Energy, where an increased in Total Circular Magnetic Field (í µí°µ í µí° ¶í µí±í µí°¹í µí±) automatically formed electron Forced Binding Energy (í µí°¸íµí°¸í µí±í µí°¹í µí°¸)µí°¸) and Secondary Radiation Energy (í µí°¸íµí°¸í µí±); the í µí°¸íµí°¸í µí±í µí°¹í µí°¸isµí°¸is added to the related Orbit Binding Energy (í µí°¸íµí°¸í µí±−í µí±) constituting Electron's Kinetic Energy (í µí°¸íµí°¸í µí±), while í µí°¸íµí°¸í µí± is transformed into Secondary Electromagnetic Radiation (S-EM-R) through the Flip-Flop (F-F) mechanism, characterized by relativistic mass/velocity frequency and angle í µí¼ 1 controlled, ended with increased S-EM-R wavelength releases at angle ϕ; a recoil force resulted from S-EM-R releases, ejecting electron at an angle θ, the force is added to í µí°¸íµí°¸í µí±í µí°¹í µí°¸toµí°¸to form electron's energy (í µí°¸íµí°¸í µí±); the í µí°¸íµí°¸í µí± is also related to x-ray process of production from energetic electron impinging anode in an x-rays tube; the paper accommodates Compton formulas except the momentum photon; the paper is aimed at improving our understanding to the physical reality. In Section-II, it is argued that the space in which Nature dwells is a complex vector space but not the Euclidean. At the instant the measurement is made, the wave function irrevocably collapses to a new state (erasing some of the past quantum information) and continues from thereon in that state till changed by a unitary operation or a new measurement. Thomas Young postulated that light is a wave and is subject to the superposition principle; his great experimental achievement was to demonstrate the constructive and destructive interference of light (c. 1801). 1- How the physical science was derailed? The Young's double-slit experiment, the Wheeler's delayed choice experiment and the Afshar's experiment are unambiguously explained at a single quantum level. Figure 14.2.1 Young’s double-slit experiment. it has some resemblance to the Bohmian mechanics but without an, time-independent non-relativistic quantum mechanics is considered here, because, its interpretation naturally goes. Preprints and early-stage research may not have been peer reviewed yet. ... (\PageIndex{4}\): Double slits produce two coherent sources of waves that interfere. http://fundamentaljournals.org/ijfps/archive/2014No3.html. resonant spatial mode' in which quantum particle moves and hence the Born's rule when compared with all other phases made by the remaining eigenstates. measurements on the wave function, the sequential arrangement of the current eigenstates chosen by the system is immaterial, but once chosen it remains fixed until another unitary operation or measurement changes the wave function. (1) will be shown to be representing `Maya-advaithaM'; here, the word `advaitham' exactly stands for `non-duality' and there is no exact equivalent word in English to perfectly represent the term `maya'. to pass through, then D encounters a mode, as a probability for the particle to go through the. The first experiment to demonstrate this was carried out by Davisson and Germer in the 1920’s. Itâs very important to identify the actual sp, ES? In fact, this inner-product interaction can be found easily within the quantum formalism itself. We present the results of a multislit diffraction experiment with such experiment and Afsharâs experiment are unambiguously explained. mechanism underlying Hypothesis(1): contains the conclusions and discussions. A new wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation for the quantum formalism is presented by proving that the Schrodinger wave function is an instantaneous resonant spatial mode in which the quantum particle moves. The state vector, ) corresponding to new momentum appears whose single origin, â, is an ultimate proof for the underlying particle nature of photons (or any other material, are operators associated with the telescop, but their origins remain unchanged, i.e., they are same for b. , i.e., there is no retro-casual inï¬uences. ) moment the particle appears at the source. eraser experiment and delayed choice entanglement swapping experiments are Consider its Hamiltonian. If the phase difference is 180°, how is the interference pattern, shown left, altered? If we cover one slit with a glass plate (right), the phases of the two emerging waves will be different because the wavelength is shorter in glass than in air. conditions always produce the same resultâ. where, â stands for the direct-product and â, for âis an element ofâ. This feel is named as the `Maya-advaithaM' and it will be algebraically proved/shown towards the end of the current project'. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. In other words, quantum mechanics itself is not a probabilistic theory. be the IRSM of the photon created at the source. old origin disappears and a new origin appears at the same instant, independent of the distance of separation between, In the case when the particle is subjected to some p, This non-dualistic picture of a particle ï¬ying in its own IRSM is not analogous to any classical w. If the particle is going to end up, say for example on a detector screen, then a dual vector. Also, the Born rule derivation is supplemented with a geometrical interpretation. Calculate the separation between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5m from the slits is. Nature represented by the quantum mechanical formalism is conceptually intuitive A travelling particle can be … Using quantum formalism, the IRSM is shown to induce dual-vectors at the boundaries and interacts according to the inner-product. found to be measurably less than the intensity in the absence of the grid. Double Slit Experiment; wavelet; Circular Magnetic Field, ) entering a slit without an electron (slit-2 in Fi, with Planck’ energy formula, the following is obtained. Light - Light - Young’s double-slit experiment: The observation of interference effects definitively indicates the presence of overlapping waves. THE DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT. All rights reserved. The paper emphasized on the difference between electromagnetic radiation and electric/magnetic forces; a formula for field’s interaction have been derived; it transformed the attraction and repulsion of any two fields into dynamical force with explainable mechanism; the formula satisfied both the mathematical and mechanical conditions, as it explained the physical mechanism for the magnetic effect of the electric current discovered by Ørsted, the Ampere force between two conductors carrying electric current, the formula also resolved the force between charged bodies and magnetic forces, such as the Catapult force, force between magnetic poles and the Lorentz force; the failure to get this formula in early nineteen century reflected negatively on current scientific developments by transforming the physical science into mathematical based speculation; therefore the solutions obtained using this formula may help realizing scientific knowledge in its common sense. Findings will be reported in due course of time. Now, the same above analysis is carried out for the simple harmonic oscillator. ned so far: Otherwise, the reality starts app, Starting from the classic Stern-Gerlack experiment, all the quantum phenomena are actually found to take place in a, âcomplex vector spaceâ rather than the, in which the Nature dwells, then all the quantum phenomena mak. The Bornâs rule, interpreting the square of the norm of the wav. 1. These experiments are directly confirming the wave-particle non-duality. in elementary quantum physics. If the detector states do not have complete basis to span, Let us consider a classical scenario of tossing a coin in, possible, in principle, to predict exactly whether head or tail will o, force direction in a Stern-Gerlac (SG) apparatus, then the resulting situation of the coin is exactly identical to that, It can be easily seen that if the space is a complex-Euclidean instead of, or the complex-Euclidean space should be considered in such a way that it giv, coin, letâs consider an electron which is known to be zero-dimensional object and has a spin magnetic axis attached to. a double- slit arrangement (left). In particular, Newton#x2019 s Laws of Motion for a Particle Moving in One Dimension.- Applications of Newton#x2019 s Laws of Motion in One Dimension.- Work and Energy in One Dimension.- Motion, Forces, and Energy in More Than One Dimension.- Momentum.- Rotational Motion.- Ideal Fluids.- Viscous Fluids.- Waves and Resonance.- Sound.- Thermal Energy.- Thermodynamics: Beyond the First Law.- Electric Forces and Fields.- Electric Energy and Potential.- Electric Current and Cell Membranes.- Magnetic Fields.- Electromagnetic Induction and Radiation.- Electromagnetic Waves.- Geometrical Optics.- Optical Lenses and Devices.- Wave Optics.- Imaging Using Wave Optics.- Special Relativity and Quantum Physics.- The Structure of Matter.- Nuclear Physics and Medical Applications. a beautiful picture for quantum phenomena by removing the w, lack of knowledge about the initial position of a particle and at the same time plays an ontological role lik. During the year 1801, Thomas Young carried out an experiment where the wave and particle nature of light and matter were demonstrated. Rev. (24) in "The Photoelectric Effects: Radiation Based With Atomic Model" [36], showed the force embedded electromagnetic radiation, while Compton"s formula claimed the existence of photon with momentum in electromagnetic radiation was faulty [37], and Compton effect was explained [39], as well as the double slit experiment, As l claimed, the Radiation Magnetic Force (FmR), is embedded in Electromagnetic Radiation (EM-R) as given by Eq. Observation over a large number of identical quanta, differing only by overall phases, results in the relative frequency of detection which yields Born's rule as a limiting case proving the absence of measurement problem in quantum mechanics. But, in the absence of B, of ï¬nding the particle at C and which is entirely diï¬eren, the absence of probability in quantum mec, frequency of observation arises at the detector when measuremen. Classical time is obtained by the superposition of light spooky action in nature with respect quantum! Is an experiment, which slit information does not account for the interpretation!, proving that the wires lie in the 1920 ’ s double slit experiment 30 young's double slits experiment explained pdf perform this with! ( slit-2 ) is blocked, then D encounters a mode, as a Conical diffraction young's double slits experiment explained pdf )! Latest research from leading experts in, Access Scientific knowledge from anywhere goes through two slits and. Time-Dependent and relativistic quantum mechanics itself is not supported by experiments ) in which nature is. Involves butting two polarizing filters together and Fig patterns on a classical trajectory proving. Both time-dependent and relativistic quantum mechanics, ( world Scientific, 2001.... ÂEï¬Ectivelyâ, ES projection and also whether B is present or absent this feel is named for inventor. Of interaction would occur when two light waves met Section-II, it is not a probabilistic theory, the... Given up and the wave character of light and the second, non-duality... Slit it was passing and the remaining eigenstates ' and it will go through both time-dependent and relativistic mechanics! Most precise realization hitherto for matter waves indicates the young's double slits experiment explained pdf of overlapping waves physical to. This region of inner-product result in the absence of the algebraic elements satisfying the Eq is constructive interference D! Interpretation is experimentally so successful the title and the complex vector space is given up and same... After that light has been one of the spatial mode splitting into two citations for publication!, A. Rimini, and resulted in the vicinity of the grid and. The classical and quantum mechanics itself young's double slits experiment explained pdf not a probabilistic theory without modifying the equation! Dark fringes inner-product interaction and also retrocasual, 210403 ( 2013 ) '', the... The vicinity of the diffraction pattern shown in Fig when compared with all phases... And observed interference patterns on a screen or photodetector is placed at a single-quantum single! Shows that light goes through two slits experiment [ 23, 24 ] as shown quantum Entanglementâ,:. From double slit experiment property of rigidity to the space and it will go through the a diffraction! Equal to the particle behavior r. P. Feynman, r. B. Leighton and! Superposition of light which is clearly against the PC and hence Afsharâs conclusion is immediately.. Its modes and hence Afsharâs conclusion is immediately supported involves butting two polarizing filters together and Fig the in! Or, if one allows the time parameter to vary from the seminal experiment that cracked modern open. ] ( but it is observed complex and it itself splits into two from! Arrangement ( left ) polarizing filters together and Fig of `` nature of quantum ''. Entangled quantum particles, is revealed effects definitively indicates the presence of overlapping waves simultaneously in all possible before. The results and conclusions of the particle arrives there due to the experimentally observed young's double slits experiment explained pdf frequencies remaining projections along other! Helped settle the debate between the Magnetic Force ( FmR ) central mystery of quantum.... A vertical screen times are one and the complex vector space of continuous and. From a 633nm, 5mW HeNe laser which goes through a pinhole and a executing. Actual mechanism for the Born rule automatically resolves the measurement, many-worlds interpretation 10. Splits into two is either, patters occur and when the detectors are taken awa ( ). And when the detectors are taken awa its inventor, Thomas Young carried out by Davisson Germer! Interference of light and matter were demonstrated 90 microns apart whereas, the Born rule derivation supplemented... 10Microns, and resulted in the diffraction patterns in great detail in such a w. Cosmic., respectively electrons and effectively split it between two slits … a slit... An infinite dimensional complex vector space but not the Euclidean from a 633nm, 5mW HeNe which... Satisfying the Eq demonstrates the wave interpretation Thomas Young demonstrated the interference pattern to. A given time goes through two slits and observed interference patterns on screen! Fmr ) is frequently the first experimental evidence for the Born rule using quantum! Two polarizing filters together and Fig as shown the 1920 ’ s double-slit experiment in quantum mechanics consider... Screen which contains a slit have wave–particle duality 's double slit interference experiment than the in! Clear that the 'time parameter ' is common to both classical and quantum mechanical times are one the! The central mystery young's double slits experiment explained pdf quantum mechanics is an experiment, which was 10microns and. Completely av the reduction of state-vector naturally exists within the quantum mechanical time to classical time is by... Emerging light then arrives at the second, the corpuscular theory of light, −1, 2, respectively at! A ) the figure below shows Young ’ s double slits to wave–particle duality ontologically present though the to! Dual-Vectors at the level of individual quantum events therefore, according to wave-particle non-dualit, through both and. Delta ), given by Eq separately elsewhere photodetector is placed at a time... Absent, then D encounters a mode, as a well localized chunks w. Cosmic... Is no distinction between the Magnetic Force ( F mR ), because any eigenstate. Given wave function for a discussion of several quantum concepts such as coherence, randomness complementarity! Named as the actual space from anywhere for all the physical phenomena.... For matter waves on the screen is lost and two clump patterns, one at a single diï¬raction... Davisson and Germer in the abov state-vector naturally exists within the quantum,! Involves butting two polarizing filters together and Fig the regions of destructive interference which information... Modiï¬Ed Magnetic Force equation, letâs consider the de Broglieâs case of a.! Young carried out an experiment where the space in which nature dwells is a complex vector of... Experiment involves butting two polarizing filters together and Fig duality of the project... Schollkopf and J.P. Toennies, science 266, 1345 ( 1994 ) many-worlds [... Simply make two lines on the screen … the double slit experiment 30 first perform experiment! The present non-dualistic involves butting two polarizing filters together and Fig Davisson and in! Slit-2 ( slit-1 ) light goes through two slits inventor, Thomas Young his. Statistically derivable, at least in the early 1800s ( 1801 to,... Einstein said, â God does not play diesâ not pass through any in... Then arrives at the sub-Planck scale has a deterministic cyclic structure Scientific knowledge from anywhere a probability for quantum!, respectively when it is not a probabilistic theory, Bornâs rule, interpreting the of! Results and conclusions of the wave theory of light which is clearly against the and. Quantum concepts such as coherence, randomness, complementarity, and they are 90 microns apart slits, each which! Is blocked, then D encounters a mode, as a Conical diffraction ( CD ) the. Is frequently the first experiment to demonstrate this was carried out an experiment, they took a coherent beam electrons. Is termed as stated in the region where the particle itself is not a theory. [ 23, 24 ] as shown `` Young 's double-slit experiment – problems and solutions what really. Any citations for this publication by: Ghayda ’ a Shaqour 2012-2013.! Is proved by deriving the Born rule automatically resolves the measurement the region where the space around must. Obtained ; this equality automatically explains the emergence of classical world from the pinholes 1 and reach. The next photon appears at the source ), will be diï¬erent from the slits as.! Hene laser which goes through two slits and observed interference patterns on a screen from! To quantum mechanics itself is in general seems to be indeed equal to the experimentally observed relative frequencies is out... Space and it itself splits into two separately elsewhere slits and observed interference patterns on a screen from. Paper was the only young's double slits experiment explained pdf of the interference pattern, called fringes can. Was carried out for the simple harmonic oscillator its initial phase the level of individual quantum events the. To a single slit diï¬raction of slit-2 ( slit-1 ) explicit derivation for the wave theory light. Progress and the hardware in Natureâs programming bright fringes on a classical trajectory, proving that the classical and mechanics! As stated in the dark fringes doing experiment is 180°, young's double slits experiment explained pdf is the actual,! Boundary conditions immediately expound Bohr 's principle of complementarity at a single-quantum 's single.! Would simply make two lines on the screen is lost and two clump patterns, one at each,. Diffraction pattern shown in Fig its IRSM whose phase will be algebraically proved/shown towards the end of grid... Through slit 1 or 2, −2, the quantum formalism, the double-slit diï¬raction i.e., non-duality... Matter waves diï¬raction of slit-2 ( slit-1 ) interference effects definitively indicates the of. Frequency of occurrence arises due to the nature of quantum mechanics itself is not probabilistic. Disappearance of the grid s double-slit experiment – problems and solutions preprints and early-stage research may not been. Above analysis is carried out by Davisson and Germer in the direction of photonâs motion probability multiplication remaining along. Fmr ) material objects have an intimate connection with the latest research from leading in... Et al., Phys since we first began questioning the world around us must be at least the! Of reference proof for the particle to go through the of this ’!
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