He was confidant in Hasdrubal's ability in Spain as his brother had campaigned with his father Hamilcar against the Iberian Celts since he was just a boy. Hannibal and Second Punic War General . Write the following events onto cards, and sort them in chronologcal order, adding a date where possible: Hannibal besieges Saguntum. Despite all his victories, Rome could persevere. An essay or paper on Causes and Effects of the Punic Wars. The Carthaginians spent the winter of 207 and 206 BC once again recruiting amongst the locals for a final effort against Scipio. News of Hasdrubal's complete defeat in upper Italy after escaping Scipio arrived at this time and Carthage was clearly on the defensive in all theatres for this first time in the war. Hasdrubal, commanding the Numidians, quickly overpowered the inferior Romans on the right flank and routed them. The pressures that Rome faced during the Second Punic War resulted in significant changes to the Roman political system. Siege equipment was in short supply as well, and he looked for better options for his force. Study for free with our range of university lectures! Fourth Macedonian War and the Achaean War. After crossing the Ebro in April or May of 218 BC, Hannibal had little choice to conquer local tribes as he moved. Rome prior to the Punic Wars was just a local power staring that had only tenuous control over the other Italian cities; Greek colonies to the south and the Carthaginian presence in Sicily put her on a collision course with the latter. As the enemy approached in formation, Scipio realized that he faced the entire army of the Carthaginians in Hispania and attemped a quick withdrawal from open battle. Carthage was reduced to a mere client state of Rome and its navy was reduced to just ten ships and they were forbidden from raising an army without the permission of Rome. The Senate gained increased prestige, greater wealth, and more influence in Roman government. Cavalry and infantry poured down from the hills into the unsuspecting Roman lines and caught them completely outside of their normal formations. On the final day, Scipio rearranged his formation with the tribesmen in the middle flanked by regular legionaries. With success in those primary goals, he was to raise an additional army and follow Hannibal to Italy. The Carthaginian base of Carthago Nova soon developed as Scipio's first target, with a garrison of 1,000 men he surmised that its defeat would not only be easy, but would be a major blow to the enemy in the heart of its territory. As a result the Scipios divided their armies to attempt to meet the multiple Carthaginian forces. Leaving a substantial force to bring Spain under Roman control, Scipio, recently elected Consul, moved to Sicily and organized the forces left there from earlier campaigns. With this defeat and the fall of Utica, Carthage had little choice but to sue for peace and accept Scipio's harsh terms. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? After Baecula, Hasdrubal moved to reinforce Hannibal in Italy with his remaining army and Scipio moved against the armies of Mago and Hasdrubal Gisgo. Unaware of his brother's fate, Gnaeus would surely try to withdraw when he found out, so the Carthaginians moved fast to prevent any escape. The Punic Wars had a number of important impacts to the Roman society and politics. P. Cornelius Scipio returned to Italy to deal with the revolt and the impending arrival of Hannibal, while his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio, took the invasionary army on to Hispania. Counter to the delaying tactics of the Dictator Fabius Maximus, Varro and Paulus immediately formed a large force to deal with the Carthaginians ravaging southern Italy. Two Roman armies had been raised for the purposes of dealing with Carthage. In the battle, Mago was wounded and another brother of Hannibal, Hanno, was killed. Publius Scipio moved quickly to counter the new offensive but was ambushed by the Punic cavalry, losing 2,000 men. In light of this idea, Rome manipulated its post war dominance in order to give as well as take. Hannibal, despite his numerical inferiority had such an overwhelming strategic edge, that he was eager to meet the new Roman challenge. How Did the Political Structure in Rome influence U.S. Marcellus lured the Carthaginian army into believing he was occupied suppressing a revolt and Hannibal engaged the Romans in a full assault. Surrounded and now outnumbered, Publius Cornelius Scipio was killed and his army of 23,000 men were destroyed at the Battle of Castulo (211 BC). He advised Carthage to accept the best terms they could and that further war against Rome, at this time, was futile. Soon after his arrival, however, the Romans met him and crushed his army, along with any Carthaginian hope of ultimate victory. Scipio Africanus was at first proclaimed as a great hero, which he was. Many local Iberian tribes shifted their allegiance to Rome, and control of the vast mineral wealth of Spain was slowly crumbling. All evidence of Carthaginian resistance was gone, and the Romans stood as the new masters of Spain. He hoped that his activities in the important area near Zama would draw Hannibal away from his defensive works at Hadrumetum and Carthage. The three Carthaginian armies were content to harass the Romans while maintaining control of their power base in the south of Spain. During the winter months, Hannibal made his move. Marcellus was sent to Sicily to restore Roman order with several legions, while the Carthaginians tried to re-establish themselves with an army of their own. This book focuses on his rise to power and on the ways in which he then maintained authority throughout his reign. Sempronius faced him with upwards of 40,000 men. He offered Spain, Sicily and Sardinia to Rome along with the guarantee that Carthage would never again attack, but Scipio refused. At Trebbia, Hannibal proved his superior leadership in understanding the psychology of his opponent, his tactical strategy and in propaganda warfare. The Tribune of the Plebes (tribunus plebis) was a magistracy established in 494 BC. With one Roman army destroyed the separate Carthaginian forces now converged with Hasdrubal on Gnaeus. He hoped that by marching through southern Gaul and northern Italy, recent conflicts between the Romans and local tribes would boost his ranks with fresh angry recruits. Mago and Hanno were utterly defeated and any recent Carthaginian levies were scattered beyond hope of recovery. Despite this tremendous loss, the following defection of many allied cities, and the declaration of war by Philip of Macedon that was soon to come, the Romans showed a resiliency that defined them as people. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. In Hispania, his brother Hasdrubal still commanded the defense of Carthaginian interests. By 220 BC, Hannibal laid siege and opened the door to one of the ancient world's great wars. It began in 218 B.C., and continued through 201 B.C. The Second Punic War brought about the downfall of the established balance of power of the ancient world and Rome rose to become the supreme power in the Mediterranean region for the coming 600 years. The primary theatre during this period of the war took place mainly in Campania. The truth of that nature was self evident. Spain was forever lost to Carthage and passed into the control of Rome for the next 7 centuries, though not without troubles of its own. Theoretically, the Roman tactic of crushing Hannibal between two large armies should have spelled his doom, but Hannibal's brilliance allowed him to turn the tables once the engagement got under way. The government of Carthage was divided over their support for Hannibal in Spain and they were not really in favor of another war with Rome. Other Celts harassed Hannibal's baggage trains, rolling large boulders from the heights onto the Carthaginian columns, causing panic and death among the victims. In December of 218 BC, with Scipio out of commission from his wounds, the eager Sempronius threw caution to the wind and advanced against Hannibal. This was due to the way in which Rome conducted its peace arrangements with its defeated states and the strength of its republican institutions. 215 BC proved to be a fateful year for Rome. Hannibal, however, had outmaneuvered the Romans and was already moving northward along the Rhone, with the intention of moving around the Romans and then south through the mountains. Rome not only survived the period during the Punic Wars, they conquered and prospered. They moved directly against Hannibal's own cavalry essentially wiping out one entire flank. Much like the tactics of Hannibal in Italy, Scipio set up a cavalry ambush and lured Mago to attack. Hannibal refused to move on Rome. Hasdrubal's duty was to maintain Carthaginian dominion over Spain and to defend the primary interests (especially mines and resources) from Roman countering forces. Scipio chose the site of his own camp for the battle, situated on a natural spring. While fortune would still be with Hannibal for some time, the war of attrition would only benefit Rome. At the critical juncture, Mago's ambush was sprung, and the Romans were finished. The Carthaginians faced difficulties of their own in the form of revolts in Africa. The Third Punic War was entirely avoidable was caused by Rome taking advantage of Carthage while they were weak. With the two armies drawn up in battle formation, Hannibal met Scipio in an indecisive parley. The Carthaginian army was a multicultural mercenary army comprised of recruits from its subject territories, each of which boasted different military skills (Bagnall 20). Hamilcar Barca, the premier Phoenician general, humiliated and angered over Rome's peace terms, and the seizure of Sardinia during Carthage's own mercenary war, looked to Spain as an overland launching point for future action against Rome. Grain and reparations for lost supplies also had to be provided to Rome as well as having the resposibilty of collecting runaway slaves and returning them. Having collected the spoils, Hannibal wintered in Carthago Nova while planning for his over Alps invasion of Italy in the Spring. By 164 BC, Rome was a very different country then before the Punic Wars that saw immediate and long term effects. Rome gained control over Sicily and Greece. These five armies (3 Carthaginian, 2 Roman… Fierce resistance throughout the march debilitated Hannibal's army. Leaving a violent population in his rear could've been disastrous, and despite the time delay and cost in casualties of operations against the Celts, he rapidly subdued the area. Along with Paullus, both of the Quaestors were killed, as well as 29 out of 48 military tribunes and an additional 80 other senators (at a time when the Roman Senate was no more than 300 men). The Carthaginians were led by Hannibal, one of the most gifted commanders in history, but the Romans had their own great general Scipio Africanus, an… The capture of Carthago Nova not only drove a wedge into the heart of Carthaginian Spain, it gave the Romans much needed military stores and supplies, access to local silver mines, an excellent harbor and a perfectly positioned base for further operations in southern Spain. Like before, when these two men met at Nola, a long bloody fight ensued that ended in a tactical draw. He advanced on Scipio's position on the Ebro River with his combined ground and naval forces, but his fleet was caught completely by surprise by a recently reinforced contingent of Roman ships. At first, the Roman front line was beaten badly in the center, but Scipio left more men in reserve, forcing Hannibal to leave some men uncommitted. While the Carthaginians wintered in Gerontium, between 217 and 216 BC, the two new consuls raised a substantial army to deal with Hannibal once and for all. Over the next year, Hannibal would be satisfied with the situation in Spain and looked to Saguntum to goad the Romans into war and justify his planned invasion. Carthage was reduced to the status of a client state and lost all power of enacting its own treaties and diplomacy. At the time, between the 3 armies, estimates of 35,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and 30 elephants have been given for the total Carthaginian force. By the following year, Samnium and Apulia would both be back under Roman control and the path was open for the Romans to besiege Capua, Hannibal's former winter base. Explain your opinion. Despite the success of Hannibal at Tarentum and the resistance of a Roman at Herdonea, the tide was slowly beginning to turn in Rome's favor. The war in Spain never went as well for Carthage as it did in Italy. Had Hasdrubal been victorious, a large enough force coming from north and south would have been able to move against the capital. As a result of the Second Punic War, Rome gained control of all Carthaginian territory within Spain. Arriving at Carthago Nova in complete surprise, he fortified his own position to protect himself from Carthaginian reinforcements and prepared for the assault on the city. ... Second Punic War - Iberia, Greece, and politics in Rome - 49 - Duration: 25:06. From there, he continued on to Sicily to prepare for the invasion of Carthage itself on the African mainland. Under Scipio, the Romans abandoned their traditional Italian gladius for one used by Celtiberians. Gnaeus had under his command an initial force numbering 22,000 infantry, 2,200 cavalry and a strong fleet of 60 quinqueremes. The battle was a great victory for Rome, and Scipio in particular, was assured greatness in history as one of the ancient world's greatest generals. The only blemishes on his record, for which he would be furiously punished politically by Cato the Elder years later, were his failure to stop Hasdrubal from escaping to Italy, and the short-lived and uneventful mutiny in 206 BC. Advance political arrangements were made with several African tribes to aid in the eventual invasion of Africa. The outbreak of the Second Punic War began when Hannibal moved north across Ebro to begin his historic march over the Alps. Carthage was heavily dependent on the fertile grain production of the area and had no choice but meet the threat, despite Hannibal's recently recruited and poorly trained army. Scipio moved away from his siege of Utica and swept down in force on the green army. While Hannibal plundered and looted as he marched around the plains, he was unable to convince to people to rise with him. Publius Scipio, advancing on Mago near Castulo, had his own problems. The Gallic Celts were no friends of the Romans and many joined with him while en route. In 202 BC, Hannibal learned that Publius Cornelius Scipio was devastating the area around Zama and left his base in Hadrumetum to confront him. The arrival of Mago with 12,000 infantry, 1,500 cavalry and 20 elephants helped to avert complete disaster for Carthage, but its effect on Hannibal in Italy was profound. As Marcellus cautiously pursued Hannibal's army that was constantly on the move, the Romans recaptured the port base of Tarentum. The Third Punic War was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome, and lasted from 149 to 146 BC.The war was fought entirely within Carthaginian territory, in modern northern Tunisia.When the Second Punic War ended in 201 BC, one of the terms of the peace treaty prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's permission. The flat plain was to be the future site of the Roman colony of Zama, and the battle was named for this colony 150 years after it happened. Hanno was captured while Mago salvaged what little was left of his army and retreated to Gades joining Hasdrubal Gisgo, who had wisely moved out of reach of Scipio when news of the battle had reached him. The remainder of the Roman army managed to escape to Placentia. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! In the end, the Roman army of 25,000 lost as many as 15,000 including Flaminius himself. As Hasdrubal marched along the Adriatic, Hannibal was held in check in the south for fear of losing the loyalty of local allies and conquests he had gained in the region. Only the Greek influenced cities along the coasts seemed to hold their loyalty firmly with Rome. As the new Carthaginian Empire in Hispania seemed to be a lost cause, Hasdrubal marched his army along a similar route as Hannibal's march through the Alps some 10 years earlier. Scipio also prepared for the final campaign in securing new recruits among local Roman allies. The Twelve Tables are the first attempt to make a law code, and remained the only attempt for nearly one thousand years. Typically, Roman prisons were not used to punish criminals, but instead served only to hold people awaiting trial or execution. At the small town of Detrosia, the armies met in very similar conditions to those that unfolded for Hannibal at Cannae. What was an effect of the Second Punic War? This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. As the remaining Gauls fled the battle, the Romans allowed them to leave, to spread the word of the great Roman victory and the re-establishment of dominance in Italy. A heavy rain late in the day delayed the inevitable, but because Scipio had earlier cut off the retreat route to Gades, the entire force of Mago and Hasdrubal Gisgo was soon enveloped and destroyed. Approaching the enemy, Publius found himself walking into a hornet's nest, being stung on all sides. He had lost his power over Mediterranean Sea; losing Sicily and the compensation imposed on him by Rome greatly affected his economy. Left completely vulnerable, Gnaeus Scipio had little recourse but to slowly withdraw while holding off Hasdrubal's attacks. Romans wanted military success on the battlefield, not in a war of attrition. The Romans, thanks to Marcius Septimus who saved the remnants of the defeated Roman armies by withdrawing north after the battles Castulo and Ilorca, and his replacement Nero, managed to hold onto territory north of the Ebro while the Carthaginians had regained complete authority over everything south. In the end, perhaps only as many as 15,000 Romans managed to escape with Varro. The Second Punic War broke out in B.C. Special Issue: Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 67: The Second Punic War a Reappraisal Significantly, Syracuse was granted nominal independence as an ally and it was not incorporated into the Roman province of Sicily until the Second Punic War. United Nations of Roma Victrix (UNRV) represents the all encompassing power of Rome in the ancient world. In the year 216 BC, both Roman and Carthaginian commands were occupied consolidating control over their own territories rather than fighting one another. Rome thought it would be easy to defeat Hannibal, but Hannibal was full of surprises, including his manner of entering the Italic peninsula from Spain. Quickly after the battle opened, the Scipios recognized the strategy and effectively countered it. Publius Scipio moved quickly to counter the new offensive but was ambushed by the Punic cavalry, losing 2,000 men. Scipio's men shouted and banged their swords on their shields, archers attacked the riders, and the spearman attacked the sides of the elephants. Shipping lanes and Carthaginian ports were blockaded and controlled which would eventually have a significant impact on Hannibal's campaign in Italy. Looking for a flexible role? The "Roman Colosseum" page has been re-written and expanded. Knowing the local Celts relationship with Rome, Hannibal took full advantage. In the end, 40,000 enemy troops were dead with an additional 5,000 prisoners taken, but both Syphax and Hasdrubal escaped. Scipio launched his attack at first light, and caught by surprise the Carthaginians were overwhelmed. Roman success within a year forced Hannibal and Mago to be recalled for the defense of Carthage, though Mago would die en route. 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