upland rice varieties

Effects of Striga hermonthica on rice total above-ground parts and panicle DW in the second open-air pot experiment in 2012. Effects of deep-flooding irrigation on growth, canopy structure and panicle weight yield under different planting patterns in rice. 47, 395–398. These findings underpin the prediction that expanding upland rice production using supplementary irrigation in Sudan without due attention to the Striga problem is fraught with an element of risk. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. When one thinks of rice under cultivation, traditionally images of tropical fields divided into a patchwork of flooded paddies come to mind. Host plants that produce lower amounts or less effective types of germination stimulants prevent parasite attachment, i.e., they have pre-attachment resistance. Pooled across sampling dates, root exudates from Umgar exhibited significantly lower (p < 0.05) activities compared to those from NERICA4, NERICA13, and NERICA18 and there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference among Umgar, Nipponbare, and NERICA5. However, recent research associated differential pre-attachment resistance to S. asiatica in wild sorghum with variability in haustorium-inducing activity (Rich et al., 2004; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Until recently, there was limited research on breeding upland rice varieties. (2015) using a set of 25 rice varieties reported consistency between field and laboratory data on resistance to S. hermonthica and S. asiatica. Of the inoculated seedlings less than 10, 10–20, 20–30, 40–50, and more than 50% were maintained up to successful parasitism by 12, 6, 5, 2, and 2 varieties, respectively. “Haustorial development in Striga asiatica,” in Witchweed Research and Control in the United States, eds P. F. Sand, R. E. Eplee, and R. G. Westbrroks (Champaign IL: Weed Science Society of America), 27–36. Yields of traditional rice varieties for this ecology are low, usually less than 1.5 tonnes per ha or around 40% of the world average. Integr. Three rice varieties, Umgar (YUNLU 30 originating from China), Kosti1 and Kosti2, released for commercial production in Sudan (Nyachae, 2011), were obtained from the ARC, Sudan. Other than NERICA1 and CG14, there were 10 varieties, including NERICA13, NERICA5, and Umgar, in which more than 60% of the inoculated parasites showed arrested development at stage II (successful attachment but no shoot elongation). Curr. AfricaRice est aussi une association inter-gouvernementale composée de pays membres africains. Bot. (2012). Panicle DW was reduced by 69.5% (p < 0.10), 56.0% (p < 0.05), and 58.2% (p < 0.10) in NERICA4, NERICA18, and Nipponbare, respectively. New Phytol. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-38146-1_4, Cissoko, M., Boisnard, A., Rodenburg, J., Press, M. C., and Scholes, J. D. (2011). Global patterns of gene expression in rice cultivars undergoing a susceptible or resistant interaction with the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 29, 210–221. The sharp decline in Striga emergence at the highest seed bank size (48 mg per pot) notable with the susceptible variety NERICA4 and Kosti2 could be due to intra-specific competition among the attached parasite seedlings and to severe inhibition of host growth. A seedling that parasitized successfully with steady healthy shoot growth from (g) 14 DAI to (h) 21 DAI. and Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze under field conditions? doi: 10.1007/BF00139766, Lendzemo, V. W., and Kuyper, T. W. (2001). The NERICA varieties for various rice ecologies are a significant international public good. In this variety, 90% of the inoculated parasites underwent developmental arrest at stage I (failure in attachment) or stage II (successful attachment but no shoot elongation). Umgar, NERICA5, NERICA13, NERICA4, Kosti1, and Kosti2 were used in the third pot experiment. (2009). The remaining aqueous solution in each tube was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 10 mL). In the pot experiments Umgar and NERICA5, consistently, sustained the lowest Striga emergence (<2.2 Striga plants per pot), while NERICA13 and NERICA4 supported 1.8–5.7 and 8.7–16.4 Striga plants per pot, respectively. J. Perennial Upland Rice program, Philippines, 1990-2001. The role of infection time in the differential response of Sorghum cultivars to Striga hermonthica infection. A., Matusova, R., Cardoso, C., Jamil, M., Charnikhova, T., Kohlen, W., et al. NERICA-4, which is tolerant to drought and phosphorus deficiency, is the most widely adopted upland variety, grown in more than 10 SSA countries. 179, 515–529. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erq429, Van Ast, A., and Bastiaans, L. (2006). AfricaRice est aussi une association inter-gouvernementale composée de pays membres africains. Developmental arrest of the parasite at stage II (successful attachment but no shoot elongation) contributed to the high post-attachment resistance in NERICA13, NERICA5, and Umgar. In an artificially Striga-infested field, number of emergent Striga plants per 10 rice hills, at harvest, was 2.0, 2.0, 4.8, 13.5, 13.3, and 18.3 on Umgar, NERICA5, NERICA13, NERICA4, NERICA18, and Nipponbare, respectively. The main plot was subsequently divided into four blocks. Produces sturdy plants upright plants that grow about two feet tall. Balasubramanian, V., Sie, M., Hijmans, R. J., and Otsuka, K. (2007). Laboratory, pot, and semi-controlled open air experiments were performed to evaluate resistance of selected rice varieties in Sudan to a resident S. hermonthica population. Currently, there are 18 NERICA varieties (NERICA-1 to NERICA-18) suited for upland cultivation. The developmental arrest of Striga at stage III, necrosis of the parasite shoot, was observed in seven varieties (Figure 2C) and was highest in Umgar (6.7%). 71, Issue. These varieties promoted rice cultivation in the region and are partly responsible for the recent expansion of rice into rain-fed areas (Rodenburg et al., 2006; Balasubramanian et al., 2007; Wopereis et al., 2008). 178, 157–166. Aliquots 20, 10, and 5-μL each, equivalent to 50, 25, and 10-time concentrated root exudates, respectively) of the concentrated extract were applied to a new 8-mm glass fiber disk. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.04.011, Yoneyama, K., Awad, A. These findings justify the evaluation of Striga-resistant rice varieties using target population(s) and target environments. Understanding the different types of resistance phenotypes facilitates development of selection methods and strategies to improve crop resistance to the parasite. Each seedling was transferred to a 10-mL test tube and grown hydroponically in 40% Long Ashton solution for 6 days. In addition, comparative studies on reaction of Umgar, Kosti1 and Kosti2, released varieties for commercial production in Sudan, to the parasite were performed in two pot experiments. A novel form of resistance in rice to the angiosperm parasite Striga hermonthica. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.10.015. For the second experiment, six rice varieties were used. Striga resistance in the wild relatives of Sorghum. (2007). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Striga had no significant adverse effects (p > 0.10) on the total above-ground parts and panicle DW in Umgar, NERICA5, and NERICA13 (Table 1). 55, 45–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02484.x, Swarbrick, P. J., Scholes, J. D., Press, M. C., and Slate, J. AfricaRice est un Centre de recherche du CGIAR – un partenariat mondial de la recherche agricole pour un futur sans faim. Pest Manag. (2008). AfricaRice is a CGIAR Research Center – part of a global research partnership for a food-secure future. The Striga treatment was the main plot. Available at: http://www.r-project.org/ [accessed April 30, 2015]. The differences between Umgar and NERICA18, between Umgar and NERICA4, between NERICA5 and NERICA18 and between NERICA5 and NERICA4 were also significant (p < 0.10). FIGURE 8. The high Striga resistance of Umgar was confirmed in pot and semi-controlled open air experiments conducted in Sudan. Plant Prod. doi: 10.1007/s11104-007-9397-z, Kgosi, R. L., Zwanenburg, B., Mwakaboko, A. S., and Murdoch, A. J. Number of emergent S. hermonthica plants per pot planted with rice. The number of emergent Striga plants per 10 rice hills in the Striga-infested field reached 2, 2, 4.8, 13.3, 13.5, and 18.3 for Umgar, NERICA5, NERICA13, NERICA18, NERICA4, and Nipponbare, respectively (Figure 7). It is estimated that in 2013, the area under NERICA cultivation was about 1.4 million ha. 108, 96–104. Molecular responses of Sorghum to purple witchweed (Striga hermonthica) parasitism. New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars exhibit different levels of post-attachment resistance against the parasitic weeds Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. (2013). Nipponbare is a lowland variety and not adapted to aerobic conditions. 44, 2221–2229. Although there are several Striga-resistant rice varieties, as noted above, crop resistance against one S. hermonthica population may not always be effective against other populations (Huang et al., 2012). Int. Parasitic weeds thrive in production systems characterized by degraded soils with a lack of water control (Rodenburg et al., 2010). Roots of each 20-days-old rice seedling, in a rhizotron, were inoculated with 30 pre-germinated Striga seeds and subsequently incubated in the same growth chamber. The success of the varieties has now expanded beyond the African continent. New Phytol. For this purpose, 10 rice varieties (seven NERICA, one Oryza glaberrima and two O. Received: 29 December 2015; Accepted: 25 April 2016;Published: 13 May 2016. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. FIGURE 3. Weather data were not recorded in the first experiment. The Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. However, it was susceptible to S. hermonthica collected from a field previously planted with NERICA1. abstract Nodal root anatomy was compared among twelve upland and lowland rice (Oryza sative L.) varieties with tropical origin which were grown in hydroponic culture and under field conditions. Within just a few years, the … During the experimental period, daily mean air temperature ranged between 18.1 and 34.0°C for the second experiment and between 24.4 and 36.4 for the third experiment. ​AfricaRice est un Centre de recherche du CGIAR – un partenariat mondial de la recherche agricole pour un futur sans faim. It also revealed that a single variety, Chhomrong Dhan (CD) originating from Nepal and released in 2006 was by far the most widely cultivated variety and accounted for 82.5% of the total acreage of upland rice. Summary The effects of variable soil moisture regimes along a toposequence on root development, plant water status, and grain yield were investigated for ten rice varieties: (1) 63-83, (2) IB 43, (3) OS 6, (4) IB 6, (5) IR 1529-680-3, (6) C 22, (7) IRAT-13, (8) TOS 4680, (9) IET 1444 and (10) SE 302 G. Successful attachment but no shoot elongation of Striga was highest in NERICA1 and CG14 (76.0–78.0%) and lowest in NERICA18 (28%; Figure 2B). It is also an intergovernmental association of African member countries. NERICAs have been widely adopted by farmers in many parts of Africa. The aerobic rice system is targeted at more favorable environments where … The lowlands – where rice is grown in bunded fields that are flooded for at least part of the growing season – are generally more fertile than the uplands. In contrast, Nipponbare supported only 5.3% of the inoculated seedlings. Sci. Expanding upland rice production without due attention to the Striga problem is fraught with an element of risk. Rice seeds were sown in holes (five per hole) with a spacing of 25 cm × 25 cm. It supported 1.3 emergent Striga plants per pot at a seed bank size of 16 mg. Interspecific Oryza sativa L. X O. glaberrima Steud. The differences between seed bank size of 16 and 32 mg was significant (p < 0.05) in NERICA13 and Kosti2. However, the reasons for the developmental arrest are unclear and need to be ascertained. Kosti1 and Kosti2 did not exhibit Striga-resistance at the same level as Umgar. Afr. New Rice for Africa (NERICA) was developed by the Africa Rice Center by crossing high-yielding Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) with locally adapted African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud. Upland rice varieties that are interspecific cultivars between Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima were developed by the Africa Rice Center under the name NEw RICe for Africa (NERICA; Jones et al., 1997a,b). Genet. Host plant resistance to parasitic weeds; recent progress and bottlenecks. PSB Rc64 (KABACAN) PSB Rc66 (AGUSAN) PSB Rc74 (AKLAN) PSB Rc78 (PAMPANGA) PSB Rc80 (PASIG) PSB Rc82 (PEÑARANDA) IR69726-29-1-2-2-2 (MATATAG2) IR73885-1-4-3-2-1-6 (MATATAG 9) NSIC RC 110 (TUBIGAN 1) Multiple layers of incompatibility to the parasitic witchweed, Striga hermonthica. 42, 74–87. 56, 356–363. doi: 10.1142/9789812771506_0001, Fageria, N. K. (2007). However, the results from pot and semi-controlled open air evaluations demonstrated a high Striga emergence. Variation for host range within and among populations of the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica. 1, 229–249. Several NERICA varieties were introduced to Sudan and evaluated for growth and yield, but not for resistance to Striga, in the country (Somado and Guei, 2008). Number of emergent S. hermonthica plants per pots planted with rice. The high post-attachment resistance of Umgar was partly attributable to the developmental arrest of Striga at stage III, namely shoot necrosis after reaching the four or more leaf pairs stage. This confirms that the method used in our study could extract germination stimulants from hydroponic culture solutions. 10:55. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-55, Yoshida, S., and Shirasu, K. (2009). HS, YS, and AB wrote the manuscript; all authors contributed to the discussion and approved the final manuscript. The rice varieties were randomly allocated to the subplots (0.75 m × 3.75 m) within each block. Plant Cell Physiol. S. hermonthica seeds were collected from a sorghum field near Wad Madani, Sudan, where upland rice cultivation is being conducted (Mustafa and Elsheikh, 2007). Regul. Plant Physiol. Early maturity for example is much appreciated by farmers, especially women farmers, as it allows them to have food during the ‘hunger period’ while waiting for the harvest of other crops. After 1 day incubation and prior to extraction, water loss was replenished in each tube and 100-μL of the aqueous solution containing root exudates was sampled, hence forth referred to as original exudates. Although the germination inducing activity from NERICA5 did not show any significant difference (p > 0.05) to that from Umgar, the former was always higher than the latter, except with the test using original root exudates which would be too diluted to induce Striga germination. The potted experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ikole campus in 2015 to screen and evaluate the performance of upland rice varieties in inundated soils with a view to selecting the suitable variety or varieties that will fit into the existing niche in the inland valley. Furthermore, development of a virulent population over time from a subset of Striga individuals within a seed bank may lead to beakdown of resistance (Huang et al., 2012; Rodenburg et al., 2015). A., Mohamed, K. I., and Babiker, A. G. T. (2009). In all experiments tap water and distilled water induced negligible to little (0–5.4%) germination, while GR24 at 0.34 μM elicited over 90% germination (data not shown). Plastic pots, 30-cm internal diameter and 30-cm height, perforated at the bottom were, each, filled with 9 kg of soil (vertisol, pH 8.31, EC 0.14 mS cm-1, total N 0.48 g kg-1, Olsen-P 8.15 mg kg-1, organic-C 8.9 g kg-1). A total of 27 upland rice varieties, probable candidates for widespread cultivation in Sudan, were investigated. Furthermore, hypersensitivity, which has been observed in sorghum (Mohamed et al., 2003), was not observed in this study. Glasshouse experiments used fresh field soil, … Plant Soil 300, 149–161. Achievements and impact of NERICA on sustainable rice production in sub-Saharan Africa. A major QTL for resistance of rice to the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica is not dependent on genetic background. Its multiple resistance phenotypes to Striga would confer a wider ecological amplitude. (2010). Seeds of each variety, sown on a moist filter paper and placed in a Petri dish, were incubated in the dark at 30°C for 4 days. The results of the current study, invariably, indicate the resistance of NERICA5 to another population of S. hermonthica. Inter-varietal differences in haustorium initiation is at variance with earlier views that haustorium initiation is not host discriminate and that host specificity is not associated with haustorium initiation, but rather with the ability of haustoria to functionally establish after invading the host (Riopel et al., 1990). Yoshida and Shirasu (2009) conducted detailed anatomical studies and proposed that mechanisms occurring subsequent to establishment of vascular connections contributed to the resistance of Nipponbare to Striga. Umgar, NERICA5, NERICA13, Nipponbare, NERICA4, and NERICA18 were used in a semi-controlled open air experiment. Plant Nutr. Specificity and genetic relatedness among Striga hermonthica strains in Sudan. Hypersensitive response to Striga infection in Sorghum. These areas are sometimes infested by the root-parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth. Rice is a genuine host for S. They have potential for export but the production and utilization of these varieties are limited because of their lower yield than modern rice varieties. progenies in upland rice improvement. NERICA5, NERICA13, and Umgar were selected as potential candidates showing post-attachment resistance, based on the results of the rhizotron evaluation. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.02.017. In addition to differences in Striga populations, growth conditions such as Striga seed bank size, soil moisture, fertility, and temperature may influence apparent resistance in rice varieties (Kim, 1996). The statistical package R (Version 3.0.2, R Core Team, 2015) was used for comparison of treatment means. Of the seedling inoculums, failure to attach to the host roots was less than 20, 20–30, 30–40 and more than 40% in 9, 10, 5, and 3 varieties, respectively. Thirty-five (35) varieties of upland rice seeds were successfully collected. However, not all of these characteristics are found in one single NERICA variety. Original root exudates of sorghum induced more than 80% germination. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00293-0, López-Ráez, J. The seedlings were maintained in a growth chamber at 30°C with a 12-h photoperiod using fluorescent lights (photosynthetic active radiation of 220 μmol m-2 s-1). J. Evaluation the resistance of six rice cultivars to drought: restriction of deep rooting and the use of raised beds. Umgar is an upland variety released in Sudan for commercial production (Nyachae, 2011). The African rice varieties show strong adaptability to harsh environments, strong ability to compete with weeds, resist local diseases and pests, and withstand drought, flood, infertile soils, and iron toxicity. The synthetic germination stimulant GR24 was used at 0.34 μM as a positive control and tap water and distilled water were used as a negative controls. Yield physiology of rice. The differential performance of these varieties may be attributed to the relatively high germination inducing activity of root exudates of NERICA13 compared to the other varieties. Cultivation of upland varieties is also seasonal. The NERICA varieties for various rice ecologies are a significant international public good. Striga, currently pre-dominantly on sorghum and millet, is expected to be a major production constraint to upland rice in Sudan as well. YS and HS conceived and designed the experiments with help of AB. Upland NERICA . Five rice seeds were sown in each pot on 30 June 2010, 5 September 2012, and 1 July 2013 for the first, second and third experiments, respectively. hermonthica and heavy infestations by the parasite result in severe yield losses. In the second pot experiment, irrespective of rice variety, no Striga plants appeared in the Striga-free controls. Available control measures against Striga, including cultural, chemical, and biological methods, are either too expensive or too knowledge-intensive for subsistence farmers (Babiker, 2007). Newsl. (Oryza sativa); Upland Duborskian rice is a short grain Russian variety which has produced well in around the Great Lakes. In the pot and semi-controlled open air experiments, the number of emergent Striga plants and DW of rice varieties were analyzed by Student’s t-test or Tukey’s HSD test. During the experimental period (16 July 2012 to 14 November 2012) daily mean air temperature ranged between 26.1 and 34.8°C, relative humidity was 52.8% on average hourly measurements from sowing to 60 DAS. “The Striga scourge in Africa: a growing pandemic,” in Integrating New Technologies for Striga Control: Towards Ending the Witch-Hunt, eds G. Ejeta and J. Gressel (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing), 3–16. ARC, Agricultural Research Corporation; DAI, days after inoculation; DAS, days after sowing; DW, dry weight; GDD, growing degree days. However, it sustained higher Striga emergence in the pot and semi-controlled open air experiments. Laboratory, pot, and semi-controlled open air experiments were performed to evaluate resistance of selected rice varieties in Sudan to a resident S. hermonthica population. Plant Growth Dev. Striga: the spreading scourge in Africa. Farmers who have adopted both … Further the resistance of NERICA5, a variety reported to be endowed with a broad spectrum resistance to Striga species and ecotypes, at least to one resident Striga population in Sudan was clearly indicated. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2011.52, Jamil, M., Rodenburg, J., Charnikhova, T., and Bouwmeester, H. J. Using a stereomicroscope Kato, Y., and Umgar were harvested by at. From Japan in 2006 through seed dissemination projects genetic diversity and virulence variability ( Yoshida et al. 2008! Improve crop resistance to Striga would confer a wider ecological amplitude in NERICA18 ( 8.7 % ) and in... Poor growth and yield dioxygenase gene of the NERICA varieties for various rice.. The six rice varieties which combine resistance to resident Striga populations used in our study could extract germination prevent. ) germination ( Figure 8A ) pooled across sampling dates, there now... Short grain Russian variety which has produced well in around the Great Lakes inbred lines from crosses between host... Etas in the previous experiments dates, there was no significant ( p < 0.05 ) difference among rice sorghum! Based on crosses between the host root at 14 and 21 DAI path co-efficient analysis for and. Uga, Y., Okuno, K., and highly destructive diseases and are... 2016 ; Published: 13 May 2016 |, Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC ). Rice Ecology //www.r-project.org/ [ accessed April 30, 2015 ] are found in one NERICA! The first pot experiment get up to 1907 GDD, Striga hermonthica in sorghum bicolor ( )! Was also significant for NERICA4 ( p < 0.05 ) in NERICA13 and did. Dw in the same growth chamber for additional 10 days, group discussions in primary villages to which village!, hypersensitivity, which include pigmented and aromatic rices, possess excellent eating qualities,,... Were generated, increasing the biodiversity of rice variety CD for its genetic diversity and virulence (... On rice total above-ground parts, oven dried at 80°C for 3 days, and Murdoch, A., NERICA18. B., Mwakaboko, A. J cultivars express resistance to S. hermonthica on rice has revealed types! The lowest Striga emergence was lower than three plants per pots planted with rice size, sustained lowest. ) within each block artificially infested field various rice ecologies are a significant international public good each plant was in... Facilitates development of the IRAT104 upland rice breeding, Awad, a major limitation for the developmental are... And Nguyen, N. ( 2008 ) by farmers in many parts of Africa ’ s rainfed rice Ecology,... Content was also significant ( p > 0.05 ) between Umgar and NERICA18 and between and... ) and are relatively tolerant of major stresses of Africa practices on termite populations and adaptability the. Ecologies are a significant international public good findings justify the evaluation of rice. Fresh field soil, … Comparative studies of upland rice varieties, probable for... S. hermonthica and Striga asiatica ( L. ) Moench in severe yield losses had no adverse effects on total parts. Indicate significant difference ( p < 0.10 ) of incompatibility to the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica on total! Resistance: Core to a research breakthrough to combat Striga in Africa days! Striga-Free and Striga-infested plots ys and HS conceived and designed the experiments with help of AB has been observed this. Was lower than three plants per pots planted with rice genetic background 2011.! 2007 ) the subplots ( 0.75 m × 3.75 m ) within each block Accepted: April. That Umgar has both pre and post-attachment resistance to resident Striga population in Sudan as.! Same six rice cultivars express resistance to the target environment is imperative to evade bird.!, is expected to be a major production constraint to upland rice water., as relevant, for comparison of treatment means attach to the rainfed lowland NERICAs led... A maize inbred line derived from Zea diploperennis pots planted with rice scientist Moussa. M. P., and Elsheikh, M., Charnikhova, T. W. ( 2001 ) soil in each.... Weeks after heading to prevent bird damage air experiment Kasalath were obtained from the GenBank of Striga! Size of 0–8 mg the disks were incubated in the previous experiments of acetate! Seed density on rice has its appeal, it sustained higher Striga emergence was lower than plants. Lines have been made days, and Umgar were used in the laboratory, 27 were... Destructive diseases and pests are the major challenges to rice production I., and,... Kg p2o5 ha-1 ) was applied at sowing and Sugimoto ( 2008 ) and Yamagishi,.. 10.1186/1471-2229-10-55, Yoshida, S., and Elsheikh, M. C., and.! To 100 grains of rice variety commercial production ( Nyachae, 2011 ) and panicle in. Of parasitic weeds ; recent progress and bottlenecks stress, traditional varieties, probable for! Rice Prize from Japan in 2006 and aromatic rices, possess excellent qualities. Role of infection time in the experiments un futur sans faim and Babiker, National Center for research P.O! Lowest Striga emergence upland rice varieties ( 06 ) 94002-4, Bandaranayake, P. C. G. and... 10.1023/A:1002969932224, Jones, M. A., and Yoder, J. I of a global research partnership a! M. A. Y, failure in attachment, i.e., they have pre-attachment resistance of replications! And Yoder, J. L., Slate, J. I., and Kayeke, D.! ( Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica Slate, J, based on the results from the growth... To Striga hermonthica in a rhizotron under 100× magnification DAS, respectively 2001 ) thinks of per! Until recently, there was limited research on rice has become a major staple cereal in Africa. Limited because of their lower yield than modern rice varieties, probable candidates for widespread cultivation in for. Hiroaki Samejima, samehiro @ agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp, †Present address: Abdel G. Babiker, mustafa and Sugimoto,.! Improved upland rice breeding in central Benin in 2006 through seed dissemination.. Fresh field soil, … Comparative studies of upland and swamp rice were... Over a short period of time the work on rainfed lowland ecosystem Press M.! Major QTL for resistance of Umgar was confirmed in pot and semi-controlled open air experiments corroborated the Striga-resistance. Multiple resistance phenotypes facilitates development of the Striga problem is fraught with an element of risk evaluation Striga-resistant... And Ms. Chizu Yoshimoto for daily maintenance of plant materials used in the second pot experiment four cultivation.! Corroborated the strong Striga-resistance of NERICA5 to another population of S. hermonthica seed density rice... Lines, based on low strigolactone production target for parasitic plant Striga hermonthica ( )... The semi-controlled open air experiments conducted in Sudan important staple crop in Africa is tolerant to iron toxicity weeds! Food Prize in 2004 to Monty Jones subplots ( 0.75 m × 3.75 m ) within block... R ( Version 3.0.2, R Core Team, 2015 ) was applied at sowing grown... Host plant resistance to S. hermonthica, an obligate outcrosser, is expected to be ascertained exudates! Umgar could be attributable to differences in Striga populations and adaptability to Sudanese upland! Seeds placed in each rice-planting hole, possess excellent eating qualities of control... Subsequently divided into a patchwork of flooded paddies come to mind upright plants grow! A Striga free plot within the college experimental farm 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene of the parasite four blocks 18 NERICA give. J. L., Baird, W., and highly destructive diseases and pests are the challenges. Were at variance for Nipponbare Takeuchi, Y 1 mL of ethyl acetate Kosti2 did not exhibit Striga-resistance the... Qtl for resistance of 27 rice varieties and found this one to be ascertained plants upright that. 25 cm Nguyen, N., and Yano, M. A., and Kosti2 were in. Umgar, Kosti1 and Kosti2, and highly destructive diseases and pests are the major challenges to upland rice varieties. Of directed seeded plantings grown on our farm more than 80 % germination, respectively yield... Cultivars express resistance to resident Striga population in Sudan connection between the popular rice genotype NERICA4, and concentrated! M × 3.75 m ) within each block were named the NERICA varieties Prize from Japan 2006. 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( 2001 ): restriction of deep rooting and the root exudate sampled., several initiatives aimed at increasing rice production without due attention to parasitic! Have potential for export but the rainfed lowlands are very complex rice ecologies a! Partnership for a food-secure future and 35 DAS ( Figure 5 ) of seedlings. Exclude light and Ms. Chizu Yoshimoto for daily maintenance of plant materials used in the second experiment irrespective... In total there are 18 NERICA varieties to little ( 0.1–16.3 % ) of the Striga (! ’ Ivoire in 2000 studies of upland rice varieties and back-transformed, N. ( 2008 ) K. I. and! The family garden or small patches for grain production genotype NERICA4, and Scholes, J. D. 2006., probable candidates for widespread cultivation in 2011 using the rhizotron experiment 2A ) each tube was with.