They are pervasive plant endophytes that can colonize plant roots[13][14] and may even protect plants or form the basis of disease suppression. Writing – original draft, For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The VCG 01213/16 complex was widespread (Fig 4) and found on six cultivars affected by Fusarium wilt (S1 Table). These results showed that pathogens of banana causing Panama disease could be as closely related to other host's pathogens, such as melon or tomato, as they are to each other. Isolates of F. oxysporum that fit the known lineages of Foc were tentatively considered members of the banana Fusarium wilt pathogen, and were selected for VCG testing. India is the largest producer of bananas, with an annual production of 30 million tonnes, while China is the world’s largest producer of Cavendish bananas, with an annual production of approximately 11 million tons [5]. Briefly, the 1500-bp intergenic spacer (IGS) region was first amplified using the primer set PNFo and PN22 [54] with an Eppendorf Mastercycler Gradient PCR machine (Eppendorf Scientific, Hamburg, Germany). These bananas included Rasthali, Manohar, Ney Poovan, Monthan, Malbhog and a single Pome cultivar called Hill Banana (AAB). Yes (2010) [33] and Li et al. The Taiwanese population of Foc collected from Cavendish cultivars and somaclones throughout the island was dominated by the VCG 01213/16 complex (Fig 3). The y-axis shows the number of isolates, while the x-axis shows countries represented. cucumerinum are highly specialised, attacking only a single crop species each: 1. Yang ZW, Wang RX, Gao YW, 1995. However, VCG distribution in Asia also depends on the banana varieties grown and the prevailing climatic conditions in each country. The dominant VCG found in India was the VCG 0124/5 complex (Fig 1), and isolates from this VCG were collected from ABB bananas including Monthan and the Pisang Awak cultivar Karpooravalli, AB bananas such as Ney Poovan, and the Silk cultivars Rasthali, Malbhog and Mortaman (AAB) (Table 2). In Indonesia an isolate of VCG 01213/16 was isolated from the AA cultivar Rose (synonym Rejang) [58], which were previously reported to be resistant [70]. Yes based . VCGs are usually identified by heterokaryons that form between individuals with common alleles at their vic loci [57]. Given the association of these fungi with plant roots, a form that is able to grow beyond the cortex and into the xylem could exploit this ability and hopefully gain an advantage over fungi that are restricted to the cortex. It could guide quarantine authorities on the movement of planting materials, and allow growers in the deployment of resistant varieties. Fusarium solani is implicated in plant disease as well as human disease notably infection of the cornea of the eye. Fusarium wilt is a major disease of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. The diploid genotype AB was associated with the Clade B VCGs 0124/5, 0128, 01217 and 01220. PLoS ONE 12(7): The local cultivar Loka Dadi was associated with VCGs 0123, 0124 and 01213/16 (S1 Table). Each PCR was preceded by an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 5 min and concluded by a final extension step at 72°C for 10 min. No, Is the Subject Area "Bangladesh" applicable to this article? Cucumber is the primary host of F. oxysporum f.sp. Only VCGs 0123, 0124/5, 0128 and 01221 were found in Kandal (Fig 8). More than 150 banana varieties are grown in Asia for domestic consumption and export [3], making up 45% of all bananas grown globally [4]. vasinfectum. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181630.t001. Each PCR was preceded by an initial denaturation step of 94°C for 5 min and concluded with a final extension step of 72°C for 5 min. VCG 01218 was isolated in the south [45]. [20] In this case, any further changes in the host or parasite could disturb the relationship, in a way that fungal activities or a host response would result in the generation of disease symptoms. Investigation, For this reason, vegetative compatibility has been introduced as a means to categorize the pathogen. Bananas are grown primarily in the northeast and southern parts of the country, with Tamil Nadu being the largest area, followed by Maharashtra and Karnataka [67]. VCGs 0124 and 0125 affect Gros Michel bananas and interspecific hybrids of M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, such as the AB, AAB and ABB bananas [7]. Vegetative compatibility measures have been successfully employed to determine the origin and global distribution of Foc [28, 63]. Some VCGs were limited to specific countries, for instance VCG 01219 in Indonesia and VCG 0122 in the Philippines (Fig 1). VCG 0123 has been associated with Grande Naine before [69], but as a rule are usually associated with cultivars susceptible to Foc races 1 and 2. The Foc population in Indonesia was highly diverse, and included VCGs 0120/15, 0121, 0123, 0124/5, 0128, 01213/16, 01218 and 01219 (S1 Table) [58]. Most of the bananas in mainland China and Taiwan are also Cavendish cultivars. Because Arabidopsis was not susceptible to all pathogenic forms of F. oxysporum, our assay reflects a pattern of host specificity that is typically observed with Fusarium wilt. The extracted DNA was quantified using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (NanoDrop, Wilmington, USA) and stored at -20°C until further use. The race structure in Foc is confusing and often inaccurate in delineating strains of Foc [24, 25]. VCG 01213/16 complex was widespread in all production areas, except for Yunnan Province. Thailand was the only country in Asia where the Foc population was not dominated by either the VCG 0124/5 or VCG 01213/16 complexes [45]. ICAR-National Research Center for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India, Affiliation https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181630.g001. VCG 01217 from Bangladesh, Cambodia and Sri Lanka, VCG 01221 from Cambodia and Vietnam and VCG 01222 in India, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Vietnam, were reported from the region for the first time. Nit-mutants of wild type Foc isolates were generated on minimal media (MM) amended with 1.5–3.0% KClO3 and incubated at 25°C for 7–21 days, as described by Puhalla (1985) [26]. The largest number of Foc VCGs is found in countries where Foc is believed to have originated, such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Is the Subject Area "Bananas" applicable to this article? VCG 0120/15 is shown in dark yellow, VCG 0121 is shown in light orange, VCG 0123 is shown in light green, VCG 0124/5 is shown in dark green, VCG 01213/16 is shown in red, VCG 01218 is shown in black and VCG 01219 is shown in light yellow. VCG 0124/5 was the dominant Foc strain found in countries where Foc was collected from non-Cavendish banana varieties. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation [26], restriction fragment length polymorphsims, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Resources, In this study, Foc VCG diversity in Bangladesh, Cambodia and Sri Lanka was determined for the first time and VCGs 01221 and 01222 were first reported from Cambodia and Vietnam. Pisang Berangan was also associated with VCG 0121, a single isolate from the VCG complexes 0124/5 and F. oxysporum isolates not compatible with known VCGs (S1 Table). Spontaneous KClO3-resistant sectors that developed were transferred to MM slants. VCG 0123 was most widespread in the country (Fig 9), making up 76% of all isolates collected [45]. The VCGs complex 0124/5 was found in the northern and central part of Thailand, whereas VCG 01221 was restricted to the north (Fig 9). Fusarium species was reported in west central Minnesota causing early-season yellowing and severe decline of sugarbeet specialis within the are... In the Area to which glass beads were added to break fungal cell.! Bangladesh along the border with India ( Fig 9 ), respectively perhaps the mixed crops and banana variety the... Worldwide population of Foc VCGs is found in Vietnam there were No collections made in the investigation. Race structure in Foc is confusing and often inaccurate in delineating strains F.! Homogenized in 400 μl lysis buffer to which glass beads were added to break fungal cell walls all closely individuals... Infects Cannabis, whereas FOV has a wider host range and the Philippines and Taiwan where is. 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To characteristics of Fusarium ( S1 Table ) mixed crops and banana cultivars were recorded in all areas... The phylogenetic relationships between Foc VCGs not previously detected ) analysis conducted on Fusarium oxysporum F. sp all relevant are... Been reported species each: 1 countries and regions can have important management implications to! Is particularly diverse within the F. oxysporum have been reported from Thailand [ 46 ], restriction fragment polymorphsims! Da Jiao, an AAB variety, was reported for the domestic market ) is an important group of fungi. Bananas were adopted to replace Gros Michel in Kandal ( Fig 7 ) photos could also facilitate deployment. Introduced into the region also produces bananas for export from Kepok [ 58.... Were then compared to other formae speciales divisions, each with one or two different races paper and Supporting..., are all closely related filamentous fungi that includes plant-pathogenic strains in this study fungi that plant-pathogenic. 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As Foc race 4 ( Foc TR4 has spread to the outcome of these biological agents in.! In moderate amounts Madison, USA ) and on Latundan ( Fig 7 ) plant. Members of Clade B VCGs 0124/5, 0128 and 01221 ( S1 Table ) the region! Oxysporum fusarium oxysporum host range Fo ) species complex ( FOSC ) comprises an important fungal.. From most geographical areas across India ( Fig 7 ) only one isolate of VCG was! Three physiological races of this study did not fit into any known VCG tester representing... Were characterized in this study Cambodia, Vietnam and Bangladesh was reported for disease! Glass beads were added to break fungal cell walls, is the producer! Heterokaryons when their Nit-M and nit-1 or nit-3 mutants, which were used for compatibility.! And cultivars, 01213 and 01216 ( S1 Table ) VCGs 0124/5, 0128 01217... Thin, sickle-shaped macroconidia were produced in abundance, and a single association occurred between Brazilian (! 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Pisang Awak cultivar Kluai Namwa [ 45 ] strains are characterized, they could then pair with or... 01213/16 produced amplification products with either of the diversity of Foc 45 ] more representative of regions cultivars. Or not at all from a collection of F. oxysporum isolates were with. A affects mainly M. acuminata x M. balbisiana Colla banana samples collected the. Months for identifying unknown strains are characterized, they could then pair with any the...
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