Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Ó Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. Soils in areas affected by konzo (a cassava cyanide intoxication paralytic disorder) are predominantly infertile and probably unable to supply cultivated cassava with the nutrients it needs to achieve optimal growth. Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita . In Cameroon, low rainfall has led to a sequential occurrence of cumulative and over-time droughts and floods (Molua and Lambi, 2006). In North Cameroon, cholera outbreaks regularly occur during the rainy season. Cameroon possesses vast water r esources, i n the f orm of groundwate r and stream or surface water. The biodiversity of Lepidoptera generally increased in the highâdry season, and either increased (fruitâfeeding moths, Arctiinae, Saturniidae) or decreased (butterflies, Sphingidae) in the transition to the wet season in particular groups. 1): the High Guinean Savannah (5°42â³ to 8°36â³N and 11°24â³ to 14°36E) and the Western Highlands (4°54â³ to 6°36â³N and 9°18â³ to 11°24â³E;Minresi, 2007). While it is generally agreed that many of the present features are a legacy of pluvial periods during the Pleistocene, it is suggested that some surviving landscape elements may well date from the Tertiary or even earlier. Observed trends in annual surface soil moisture per year between 1988 and 2010 based on satellite data. Although seasonality in the tropics is often less pronounced than in temperate areas, tropical ecosystems show seasonal dynamics as well. Climatology of West Africa. Most dilute springs showed exponential mixing models indicating heterogeneous recharge under unconfined aquifer conditions. and the advance of the desert towards the more humid lands. Whereas some argue that d, high waters of streams. The workshop participants, who represented a range of expertise in the field of water-resource s management and water-resources modeling, were asked to consider whether coupled hydrologic. The first (WF-1) and second (WF-2) methods only consider the consumptive water use of the hydroelectricity generation system, while our third method (WF-3) accounts for the net water balance. part of this catchment area. After the flood had receded, we noticed the damage: electronics were destroyed, drinking water was contaminated, and other valuables were water damaged. Experiments with an 11-level global atmospheric general As income levels have risen globally, so has the demand for Since the ca. Water temperature, for example, will generally rise in streams, lakes, and reservoirs as air temperature rises. Although not coastal, konzo affected areas in Bandundu Region in DRC are located in the Savannah zone, which primarily consists of relatively infertile sandy soils [19,20]. Therefore, the magnitude of dense forest cover loss must be significantly greater than 16% to cause significant changes and common trends in the hydrology of the sub-watersheds of the southern portion of the Nyong River basin. The rest is frozen in glaciers or hidden too deep underground. Thus, low shallow groundwater abstraction is sustainable at the Bamenda Highlands. more than a natural long-term persistent dry spell or oscillation. the people in the rural areas of the north. The results reveal spatially varying trends of stream discharge, low flows and high flows among the sub-watersheds with LULCC within the study watershed. There are large numbers of orchids and ferns. Surface water is water that collects on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, reservoir, or ocean. While there has been an improvement in the water quality in Cameroon, much work is necessary for the future. Freshwater - water with very low soluble mineral content; sources include lakes, streams, rivers, glaciers, and underground aquifers. We sampled adults of the focal groups in three distinct seasons. The Lefo, Oku, I, empties its waters into the Benue. This study reveals that dense forest cover decreased by 16%, young secondary forest increased by 18%, agricultural/cropland increased by 10%, and built-up area/bare soil increased by 3% from 1987 to 2014. We are endowed with fresh water resources, but we do not have water to drink," Njamshi said. Other important non-nutrient soil chemical characteristics, like pH and soil organic carbon, were also included in all analysis performed. More disturbingly, the World Health Organization has reported that 1 billion people lack enough water to simply meet their basic needs, unfortunately in many countries water is scarce or contaminated. WMO & UNEP (World Meteorological Organization & United Nations Environment Programme), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. circulation model (AGCM) support the idea that the worldwide SST The results indicated that there was sig… This was a novel experience for me, having moved to Maroua from my hometown in Yaoundé in 2012 to pursue my dream of becoming a specialist in water resources management. There was extensive and intense drying up of vegetation and scarcity of natural, Total crop failure in January of 1984 necessitated the distribution, Introduction to Climatology for the Tropics, Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon, Applied Climatology: Principles and Practice. Surf… In the well watered southern region (see Figure 1), which has metamorphic and An assessment of soil nutrient levels on cassava fields in konzo-affected areas was therefore carried out to determine their adequacy for optimal cassava growth and how this influences cassava cyanogenic glucoside production. There is visible evidence of the effects of these droughts: drop in electricity production at the Ladgo hydro-electric power plant. Legume cultivation, however, promotes soil microbial communities and may help reverse soil degradation. Nevertheless, how the outbreak takes place and how the disease is spread in the region remain largely unknown. well as the impact of human activities on the pattern of flow is indispensable. Nonsignificant trends in total discharge, high flows, and low flows were observed in the large sub-watersheds of Mbalmayo and Olama from 1998 to 2013 with LULCC within the watershed. The use of chlorine treated water, improvement in sanitation structures and hygiene are possible solutions to reduce cholera outbreaks. The surface-water source for purposes of discussion here is a stream, but it may be another surface-water body such as a … Neba A, 1999. Seasonal Water Sources. This study showed that individuals who do not wash their hands with soap are most vulnerable to cholera risk (P<0.001). This, c) but the annual range is relatively high (7.7, the dry season from November to March and the rainy season from A, north, forcing the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) towards the Bamileke, Cameroon at this time has a zone of high rainfall of 150mm to, respectively. The water provided from wells and stream points is unsafe for consumption with regard to microbial indicators. The visualization was created using … Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. According to the EPA, 68% of community water system users received their water from a surface water source, such as a lake (1). The results suggest that the impacts of LULCC on watershed hydrology are easily detected in small sub-watersheds than in large sub-watersheds. Evidence suggest that extensive deforestation in the Congo Basin is having a drying effect on river basins across Africa (Ellison et al. In contrast, the low TDS of dilute springs (< 140 mg/l) indicated low-water interaction. The likelihood of cassava cyanide intoxication was also increased on fields with high pH and iron levels. SF6 concentrations in dilute springs revealed exceptionally young ages relative to CFCs modelled ages suggesting a terrigenous enrichment of the former. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. This decrease can be explained by the fact that 2012 was marked by the arrival of new operators in Cameroon mineral water market. the method, the WF of New Zealandâs hydroelectricity was found much smaller than the commonly cited international value of 22 m3 GJâ1. Using the comprehensively quality-controlled Meteorological Office These changing land use patterns (deforestation, overgrazing, reforestation, urbanisation, etc.) Springs on which people depe. El Niño events may also Bamenda: Unique Printers, pp. Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon depends largely on the amount of, evapotranspiration, runoff, infiltration, percolation and, 1. Conversely, the old soda springs displayed piston flow and binary mixing models. Keywords: Water resources, water supply, water scarcity, water resources, changing climate, coping strategies, Greater-Giyani Local Municipality. Community members must trek to a stream in order to collect their drinking water-- thus leaving many to drinking dirty water. Change. London: Unwin Hyman. Source Tangi recorded a decrease of 15.7% compared to 2011. north and the Adamawa by a Sudano-Sahelian climate (Figures 15a and b). During summer, most households and institutions practise rainwater harvesting while a few resort to purchasing water from vendors. The results also showed that cyanogenic glucosides in cassava roots could be increased with the increased supply of sulphur in soils in bitter cassava varieties (rs = 0.593, p = 0.032), and with the increased supply of P in soils in all cassava varieties (rs = 0.486, p = 0.026). country and this has equally affected other human activities. 283 billion m³/year. River and groundwater hydrology are beyond the scope of this manual, so that only a conceptual example is provided. To fill this gap, we investigated biodiversity patterns of Lepidoptera communities at three rainforest localities in the foothills of Mount Cameroon, West Africa, one of the wettest places in the world. was marked by the arrival of new operators. This decrease can be explained by the fact that 2012 was marked by the arrival of new operators in Cameroon mineral water market. The conclusion stresses the complexity and variability of arid landscapes and the dangers of generalizing about them too freely. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Despite these challenges which are not well documented, it was concluded that most of the rural poor households and institutions in the study area are well adapted to cope with water scarcity in the short term, while being vulnerable in the long term due to population growth and climate change. Within the set of tested legumes, soybean cultivation can, therefore, be strongly recommended as a long-term sustainable crop to boost soil microbial functioning and probably also nutrient cycling, especially under low total organic carbon stocks. pp. : Efforts in solving the water problem of North Cameroon, All figure content in this area was uploaded by Ernest L. Molua, All content in this area was uploaded by Ernest L. Molua on Apr 10, 2015, CLIMATE, HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES IN, amount of rainfall, and total number of days of rainfall in Douala, from equations of regression lines (1940â2060), The reports in this special series are the result of a multi-c. streamflow for all districts in the study countries. ), Environmental Issues: Problems and Prospects. Hayward R & Oguntoyinbo J, 1987. Altogether, our dataset comprised 20,576 specimens belonging to 559 (morpho)species of the focal groups. Mineral water in Cameroon. High-risk zones of cholera were identified which could be used to inform local risk. Cameroon Geographic Review 5(1), Yaounde University. The 2013 global sales are at 1,040,103 hectoliters, an increase of 11.8% compared to 2012.Volcanic, Semme, Madiba, Supermont, The Fébé Pura, Tangui are trademarks of mineral water produced locally.More than a dozen national companies offer water source, water drilling, which must be added those import, usually French, which Contrex, Evian, Perrier, Cristalline, Volvic, Badoit, ...Faced with this strong competition, sales Source Tangui represent 735,614 hl, the result of a strategy based on the prices and the development of new formats. Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon. 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