Other Utilitarians, however, might argue that the death penalty does not deter crime, and thus produces more harm than good. Among the most important contributions of this approach is its foregrounding of the principle of care as a legitimately primary ethical concern, often in opposition to the seemingly cold and impersonal justice approach. The most influential version of this approach today is found in the work of American philosopher John Rawls (1921-2002), who argued, along Kantian lines, that just ethical principles are those that would be chosen by free and rational people in an initial situation of equality. He took the ball and never looked back, creating an everlasting memory for himself, his family and me. Because the answers to the three main types of ethical questions asked by each framework are not mutually exclusive, each framework can be used to make at least some progress in answering the questions posed by the other two. Framing. The Medieval Christian philosopher William of Ockham (1285-1349) was one of the most influential thinkers in this tradition, and his writings served as a guide for Protestant Reformers like Martin Luther (1483-1546) and Jean Calvin (1509-1564). This player was a three year varsity starter as a second baseman, two year All Conference and All State at that position. The most influential version of this approach today is found in the work of American philosopher John Rawls (1921-2002), who argued, along Kantian lines, that just ethical principles are those that would be chosen by free and rational people in an initial situation of equality. In recent decades, the virtue approach to ethics has been supplemented and sometimes significantly revised by thinkers in the feminist tradition, who often emphasize the importance of the experiences of women and other marginalized groups to ethical deliberation. The Duty-Based ApproachThe duty-based approach, sometimes called deontological ethics, is most commonly associated with the philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), although it had important precursors in earlier non-consquentialist, often explicitly religious, thinking of people like Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430), who emphasized the importance of the personal will and intention (and of the omnipotent God who sees this interior mental state) to ethical decision making. Favorite Answer. Lv 5. These types of actions are seen as going “above and beyond the call of duty.” They are right to do, but it is not wrong not to do them. The Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), in praising the biblical Patriarch Abraham’s willingness to kill his son Isaac at God’s command, claimed that truly right action must ultimately go beyond everyday morality to what he called the “teleological suspension of the ethical,” again demonstrating the somewhat tenuous relationship between religion and ethics mentioned earlier.iii.) Mental framing is how you see any given situation and occurs when you position your thoughts in such a way as to convince yourself of the value of difficult situations. Answer Save. It emphasizes the belief that all humans have a right to dignity. Directs attention to the duties that exist prior to the situation and determines obligations. Here our method for ethical decision making should enable us to recognize these new and unfamiliar situations and to act accordingly.The more novel and difficult the ethical choice we face, the more we need to rely on discussion and dialogue with others about the dilemma. It emphasizes the belief that all humans have a right to dignity. The more novel and difficult the ethical choice we face, the more we need to rely on discussion and dialogue with others about the dilemma. DMH ... ethics that surround DMH work. The NMC (2008) provides strict guidance about the nursing practitioners code of practice and the accountability that members of the profession should have towards patients in their care; it is in light of this that nursing professionals have a responsi… Consequentialist Theories: The Utilitarian Approach Utilitarianism can be traced back to the school of the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus of Samos (341-270 BCE), who argued that the best life is one that produces the least pain and distress. Therefore, mental health professionals must be prepared to go against the client’s requests and adhere to his or her own ethical standards. When using the frameworks to make ethical judgments about specific cases, it will be useful to follow the process below. It includes the formulation of moral rules that have implications for what human actions, institutions, and ways of life should be like. What is moral theory? However, it should be noted that each framework has its limits: by focusing our attention on one set of features, other important features may be obscured. Impermissible: The opposite of an ethically obligatory action is an action that is ethically impermissible, meaning that it is wrong to do it and right not to do it. Other Utilitarians, however, might argue that the death penalty does not deter crime, and thus produces more harm than good. Following God’s will is seen as the very definition what is ethical. Another way to think about the relationship between ethics and morality is to see ethics as providing a rational basis for morality, that is, ethics provides good reasons for why something is moral. (The Justice Approach), Which action serves the community as a whole, not just some members? We can, however, universalize the maxim, “Always speak truthfully,” without running into a logical contradiction. In acting according to a law that we have discovered to be rational according to our own universal reason, we are acting autonomously (in a self-regulating fashion), and thus are bound by duty, a duty we have given ourselves as rational creatures. Smith and Hodges define ethics as a “human reflecting self-consciously on the act of being a moral being." Mental health policy defines the vision for the future mental health of the population, specifying the framework which will be put in place to manage and prevent priority mental and neurological disorders. The Ethics Centre creates the space for conversations that matter, to bring ethics to the centre of everyday life. Even so, we must often take action. He was going to be on that major league mound in a very visible position, in that stadium, competing against the best high school baseball players in the state, at a position that was not his strength. Act Many ethical situations are uncomfortable because we can never have all of the information. The field of ethics is traditionally divided into three areas: 1.) Based upon the three-part division of traditional normative ethical theories discussed above, it makes sense to suggest three broad frameworks to guide ethical decision making: The Consequentialist Framework; The Duty Framework; and the Virtue Framework. These frameworks were developed to … The following are important terms used in making moral judgments about particular actions. meta-ethics, which deals with the nature of the right or the good, as well as the nature and justification of ethical claims; 2.) We ask about what outcomes are desirable in a given situation, and consider ethical conduct to be whatever will achieve the best consequences. (The Rights Approach), Which action treats people equally or proportionately? The dilemmas are derived from a discussion of the results of a qualitative research project that took place in five countries of the European Union. Aristotle, for example, argued that ethics should be concerned with the whole of a person’s life, not with the individual discrete actions a person may perform in any given situation. The national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services was developed under the guidance of the Mental Health, Drug and Alcohol Principal Committee. The Feminist ApproachIn recent decades, the virtue approach to ethics has been supplemented and sometimes significantly revised by thinkers in the feminist tradition, who often emphasize the importance of the experiences of women and other marginalized groups to ethical deliberation. A theoretical framework is a broad and established set of rules, truths, or principles on which the study is founded. A theoretical base may draw from one or more theories. Both law and ethics deal with questions of how we should live together with others, but ethics is sometimes also thought to apply to how individuals act even when others are not involved. Common law The basis of English Common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their own judgement and knowledge of legal precedent to the case. 1 decade ago. Because virtue ethics is concerned with the entirety of a person’s life, it takes the process of education and training seriously, and emphasizes the importance of role models to our understanding of how to engage in ethical deliberation. The most basic form of the imperative is: “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” So, for example, lying is unethical because we could not universalize a maxim that said “One should always lie.” Such a maxim would render all speech meaningless. Genuine concern, trust and empathy should frame all interactions. (The Utilitarian Approach)Which action respects the rights of all who have a stake in the decision? This guy told me I have an excellent frame of mind. Sometimes the easiest way to see if an action is ethically obligatory is to look at what it would mean NOT to perform the action. Tingle and Cribb (2002) identify that one of the key areas that highlights the development and maturing of nursing practice within recent years is that there is more of a focus on developing nurses understanding and knowledge surrounding the concept of ethics and law. Method: A clinical exemplar, drawn from a mental health nursing setting, is used to demonstrate how a relational ethic framework can be applied within a clinical healthcare context. authors have developed the Practitioner’s Guide to Ethical Decision Making as a framework for sound ethical decision making. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems. The Rights approach to ethics is another non-consequentialist approach which derives much of its current force from Kantian duty-based ethics, although it also has a history that dates back at least to the Stoics of Ancient Greece and Rome, and has another influential current which flows from work of the British empiricist philosopher John Locke (1632-1704). Biomedical Ethics, the practical tool that emerges is a framework that is supported by that discussion, and theoretical elements need not necessarily be invoked in its application. For example, we would say that murder is ethically impermissible. The Duty Framework In the Duty framework, we focus on the duties and obligations that we have in a given situation, and consider what ethical obligations we have and what things we should never do. Practitioners have a sufficient understanding of technology. the standard of practice in the mental health profession; • and an understanding of the difference between mandatory ethics (i.e., compliance with minimal standards) and aspirational ethics (i.e., the highest standard of thinking and conduct for professional mental health providers) (Corey, Corey, Corey, & … Efforts by PMI global ethics teams continue to increase awareness o f the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (Code). The person using the Consequences framework desires to produce the most good. It addresses ethical dilemmas and provides a decision-making framework to help nurses make informed decisions in the best interest of safe and ethical care. In healthcare, the purpose of ethics is to understand, analyse and distinguish behaviours and attitudes that are right or wrong (or good and bad).It is important to distinguish ethics from morals: ethics are concerned with right and wrong, while morals refer to individual behaviours and beliefs. Four Ethical Frameworks for thinking about Suicide In his essay, Hill proposes four different frameworks for thinking about the ethics of suicide: the theological framework; the libertarian framework; the consequentialist framework; and the Kantian framework. By framing the situation or choice you are facing in one of the ways presented above, specific features will be brought into focus more clearly. A person of good character would be one who has attainted certain virtues. What are my obligations in this situation, and what are the things I should never do? In baseball, as in life, it is all about how you frame it! Bentham’s student, John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) modified this system by making its standard for the good the more subjective concept of “happiness,” as opposed to the more materialist idea of “pleasure.”. The argument here is over which facts argue for the morality of a particular action, not simply over the morality of particular principles. Gather all of the Relevant InformationBefore taking action, it is a good idea to make sure that you have gathered all of the pertinent information, and that all potential sources of information have been consulted. Make a Decision and Consider ItAfter examining all of the potential actions, which best addresses the situation? Another important aspect to reflect upon are the various individuals and groups who may be affected by your decision. Unsure of what that means. While the term “medical care” designates the intention to identify and to understand disease states in order to be able to diagnose and treat patients who might suffer from them, the term “health care” has a broader application to include not only what is entailed by medical care but also considerations that, while not medical, nevertheless exercise a decided effect on the health status of people. Public involvement and making research matter 19 When combined with the universality of the rights approach, the justice approach can be applied to all human persons. Relevance. Note, meta ethics is not concerned with which actions/consequences/characteristics are good or bad. (The Virtue Approach). However, it should be noted that each framework has its limits: by focusing our attention on one set of features, other important features may be obscured. He was thrilled with the opportunity. This player was selected and was truly excited, as was I. 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