Parviz Natel-Khanlari and Gholamhossein Yousefi, who belong to Nafisi's generation, were also involved in modern literature and critical writings. Kabir saw poetry in general and the type of poetry that had developed during the Qajar period as detrimental to "progress" and "modernization" in Iranian society, which he believed was in dire need of change. 3 This is only to be expected, given the relative youth of Persian civilization. was accompanied by a linguistic infusion: one century later, approximately 50% of the Persian literary lexicon consisted of Arabic terms. Last year as I helped a curator in the Department of Islamic Art prepare for the exhibition Bazm and Razm: Feast and Fight in Persian Art, I thought about what information we would be able to provide about the paintings and objects on display, and how much we would have to leave out. The oldest pottery and engraved seals date back to c. 3500 bc. Among these, the most popular were Mithra (god of covenants and the rising sun), Anahita (goddess of fertility, health, water, and wisdom, Atar, (god of fire), and Hvar Khsata (sun god/god of the full sun). The traditionalists in Kabul refused to publish it because it was not written in the traditional rhyme. During this time, many of the stories that were originally folk stories are thought to have been collected orally over many years and later compiled into a single book. Contributor to. An important movement in modern Persian literature centered on the question of modernization and Westernization and whether these terms are synonymous when describing the evolution of Iranian society. Later, Vasef Bakhtari, Asadullah Habib and Latif Nazemi, and others joined the group. PERSIAN ART AND LITERATURE SOCIETY, INC. Persian Art And Literature Society, Inc. is a New Jersey Domestic Non-Profit Corporation filed on September 1, 1999. Nima offered a different understanding of the principles of classical poetry. It spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. As Islam became the dominant theme, Arabic became the literary language, until the emergence of local dynasties in the 10th cent. Many of them had great love for Arabic and Persian literature. For centuries New Persian has also been a prestigious cultural language in western Central Asia, on the Indian subcontinent, and in Turkey. iranchamber.com), "Forough Farrokhzad and modern Persian poetry", http://www.editions-brunodoucey.com/garous-abdolmalekian, http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/humanitarian/they-must-not-be-forgotten/iran/babak-abazari, http://www.rusartnet.com/persian-culture/iranian-writers/milad-khanmirzaei-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C, A Two-colored Brocade: The Imagery of Persian Poetry, National Committee for the Expansion of the Persian Language and Literature, The Packard Humanities Institute: Persian Literature in Translation, Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress, Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island, Poetry of different cultures and languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_literature&oldid=988442957, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, A portion of this abridgment was later versified by the British poet Matthew Arnold in his 1853. Persian Art & Literature Society is a Texas Domestic Non-Profit Corporation filed on September 5, 2003. [39][40] Together these constituted a tradition of dealing with literary texts that became a model to all literatures that subsequently emerged in the Islamic world. The critics consider Mehdi Akhavan Sales as one of the best contemporary Persian poets. Georgian versions of the Šāh-nāma are quite popular, and the stories of Rostam and Sohrāb, or Bījan and Maniža became part of Georgian folklore.[16]. The works of the Sāmānids have been preserved only as fragments, but they show clearly that already in the 10th century most of the formal and generic characteristics of classical Persian poetry were in use. Contemporary Persian Grammar (Persian Art and Literature, 23) Arzhang, Gholamreza. Instead, his approach accommodated the entire spectrum of creativity and expression in Persian literature. Also highly regarded is Siyasatnama, by Nizam al-Mulk, a famous Persian vizier. Some works of Sassanid geography and travel also survived, albeit in Arabic translations. The travelogue of Nasir-i Khusraw (d. 1088), Safar-nama, in which he relates his pilgrimage to Mecca and his travels in Syria, Egypt, and Arabia, represents the maturation of Persian prose. The arts of the Safavid period show a far more unitary development than in any other period of Persian art, with the same style, diffused from the court, appearing in carpets, architectural tiles, ceramics, and manuscript illumination. The main disciplines which were widespread at Persian art time were calligraphy, illustration, and paintings which represented the culture of Mongols. With the emergence of the Ghaznavids and their successors such as the Ghurids, Timurids and Mughal Empire, Persian culture and its literature gradually moved into South Asia too. He names 200 Persian lexicographical works in his dictionary, the earliest, Farhang-i Oim (فرهنگ اویم) and Farhang-i Menakhtay (فرهنگ مناختای), from the late Sassanid era. The tradition of royal patronage began perhaps under the Sassanid era and carried over through the Abbasid and Samanid courts into every major Iranian dynasty. Despite that Asia Minor (or Anatolia) had been ruled various times prior to the Middle Ages by various Persian-speaking dynasties originating in Iran, the language lost its traditional foothold there with the demise of the Sassanian Empire. During the new era, which lasted until the Arab conquest of the 7th century ce, Iran was deeply influenced by Hellenism. Iran Art Kargah Tavoos Magazine Tehran Avenue Qoqnoos Art Arena Iran Art News Persian Paintings Caroun Persian Art (Wikipedia) Iran Modern and Contemporary Art (Wikipedia) Nasser Pirasteh (Sculptor) Festival of Arts. Sep 4, 2015 - Explore Fati R's board "Persian Art and .....", followed by 846 people on Pinterest. Persian poetry is some of the most beautiful poetry in the world and the Persians cultivated four unique types of poetry; the “epic”, the “ghasideh” a purpose poem, the “masnavi” a narrative poem, and the “ghazal” a lyrical poem.In the 13th and 14th centuries Saadi, Rumi and Hafez perfected the ghazal, lyrical poems but filled with passion. This style is often called Araqi (Iraqi) style, (western provinces of Iran were known as The Persian Iraq (Araq-e-Ajam) and is known by its emotional lyric qualities, rich meters, and the relative simplicity of its language. They are indirect evidence for an Old Georgian translation of the Šāh-nāma that is no longer extant. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. The literary form of New Persian is known as Farsī in Iran, where it is the country’s official language, and as Darī in Afghanistan (where it and Pashto are official languages); it is written with a Cyrillic alphabet by Tajiks in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The 13th century marks the ascendancy of lyric poetry with the consequent development of the ghazal into a major verse form, as well as the rise of mystical and Sufi poetry. Ferdowsi’s Shahnama was a never-ending source of inspiration, not only for high literature, but for folklore as well. Jun 14, 2019 - Explore Babyonboard1.com's board "persian culture Literature", followed by 119 people on Pinterest. The conquest was completed about 640. It is seen as a collection of adages in Persian literary studies and thus does not convey folkloric notions. The frame story of Shahrzad seems to have been added in the 14th century. PERSIAN ART AND LITERATURE SOCIETY, INC. Ferdowsi set a model to be followed by a host of other poets later on. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. It further contends that, rather than a text on Persian ‘stylistics’, Sabk-shinasi is a vast history of Persian literary prose, and, as such, is a significant intervention in Persian literary historiography. After the 15th century, the Indian style of Persian poetry (sometimes also called Isfahani or Safavi styles) took over. Holmes 151 The Shahnameh Manuscript Cochran 4 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Index. These are the things that makes me Proud to be Persian. There are some indications that some among the Persian elite were familiar with Greek rhetoric and literary criticism (Zarrinkoub, 1947). It can be argued that almost all advocates of modernism in Persian literature, from Akhundzadeh, Kermani, and Malkom Khan to Dehkhoda, Aref, Bahar, and Taqi Rafat, were inspired by developments and changes that had occurred in Western, particularly European, literatures. Today it is the official language of, Persian literature of the medieval and pre-modern periods, Biographies, hagiographies, and historical works, The influence of Persian literature on world literature, Areas once under Ghaznavid or Mughal rule, C. A. However, the elite of this school are Rumi, Saadi, and Hafiz Shirazi. His translations have had a great impact on numerous modern Swedish writers, among them Karl Wennberg, Willy Kyrklund and Gunnar Ekelöf. Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir's famous work, the Qabus nama (A Mirror for Princes), is a highly esteemed Belles-lettres work of Persian literature. The myths, legends, and romanticized historical tales of this epic tradition were probably assembled into a continuous story in the early 7th century ce under the last Sāsānian king. These courses are an interesting part of your learning in Dehkhoda and you will be surprised by studying ancient culture, very rich literature, and amazing arts of the Iranians. Also important to early Iranian literature are the remnants of ancient myths preserved in the Avesta, especially in the yashts, which are texts addressed to Iranian deities. Some of the Sultans had their own court historians. Both versions were later lost, but their contents survived in the works of historians writing in Arabic. It is believed to be the culmination of the art of Persian Miniature. This decorative aspect shows the daily events of the man in his perennial struggle for survival. Dehkhoda program is not limited to only learning the Persian language, but it also offers to learn Iranian culture, literature, and art. Persian Art and Literature. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Save for Later. Behbahani herself used the "Char Pareh" style of Nima, and subsequently turned to ghazal, a free-flowing poetry style similar to the Western sonnet. Persian literature in Afghanistan has also experienced a dramatic change during the last century. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Some of the Sultans had their own court historians. What Nima Youshij founded in contemporary poetry, his successor Ahmad Shamlou continued. [31] Zarrinkoub's Serr e Ney is a critical and comparative analysis of Rumi's Masnavi. However, its most distinct difference with Nimai’ poetry is to move away from the rhythms it employed. This style has its roots in the Timurid era and produced the likes of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, and Bhai Nand Lal Goya. At the same time, the writing of poetry in Persian was established as a court tradition. In general, from its earliest days, Persian literature and language was imported into the subcontinent by culturally Persianised Turkic and Afghan dynasties. Sepid poetry continues the poetic vision as Nima expressed it and avoids the contrived rules imposed on its creation. Literature . During the last century, numerous works of classical and modern Persian literature have been translated into Italian by Alessandro Bausani (Nizami, Rumi, Iqbal, Khayyam), Carlo Saccone ('Attar, Sana'i, Hafiz, Nasir-i Khusraw, Nizami, Ahmad Ghazali, Ansari of Herat, Sa'di, Ayené), Angelo Piemontese (Amir Khusraw Dihlavi), Pio Filippani-Ronconi (Nasir-i Khusraw, Sa'di), Riccardo Zipoli (Kay Ka'us, Bidil), Maurizio Pistoso (Nizam al-Mulk), Giorgio Vercellin (Nizami 'Aruzi), Giovanni Maria D'Erme ('Ubayd Zakani, Hafiz), Sergio Foti (Suhrawardi, Rumi, Jami), Rita Bargigli (Sa'di, Farrukhi, Manuchehri, 'Unsuri), Nahid Norozi (Sohrab Sepehri, Khwaju of Kerman, Ahmad Shamlu), Faezeh Mardani (Forugh Farrokhzad, Abbas Kiarostami). This mostly legendary history of ancient Iran found a place in Islamic historiography and literature in particular on account of its value as an example of the “mirror for princes” genre (collections of texts intended to demonstrate the principles of proper kingship). In the didactic genre one can mention Sanai's Hadiqat-ul-Haqiqah (Garden of Truth) as well as Nizami's Makhzan-ul-Asrār (Treasury of Secrets). View Academics in Medieval Persian art and literature on Academia.edu. Georgian literature, the body of written works in the Georgian language. Among its features were the divan (dīwān)—the collection of one poet’s output in a systematically arranged volume—and several types of anthologies. [14] This cultural influence lasted until the arrival of the Russians.[15]. His aim in renovating poetry was to commit it to a "natural identity" and to achieve a modern discipline in the mind and linguistic performance of the poet.[38]. Chopra, R.M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2010. Slaves were also bought or received as gifts. Professor Emeritus of Persian, University of Leiden, The Netherlands. Panegyric masters such as Rudaki were known for their love of nature, their verse abounding with evocative descriptions. va'z(va az) mey do mani ze gūsfandi rāni The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties of post-Islamic Iran such as the Tahirids and Samanids being based in Khorasan.[6]. From the centre of the empire it had spread to the provinces and had even marginalized other Iranian languages with a tradition of writing, such as Sogdian in Central Asia. The rebirth of the language in its new form is often accredited to Ferdowsi, Unsuri, Daqiqi, Rudaki, and their generation, as they used pre-Islamic nationalism as a conduit to revive the language and customs of ancient Iran. Through these courts and system of patronage emerged the epic style of poetry, with Ferdowsi's Shahnama at the apex. Learn more about Georgian literature. The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States established the Association of Persian Culture and Literature with the goal of promoting Persian arts and culture... Read More. And you and I in wilderness encamped— Regarding the tradition of Persian love poetry during the Safavid era, Persian historian Ehsan Yarshater notes, "As a rule, the beloved is not a woman, but a young man. [41], Forough Farrokhzad is important in the literary history of Iran for three reasons. He is the most successful of those poets who in the past four decades have tried hard to find a synthesis between the two models of Ahmad Shamloo and Nima Youshij. Discuss This Book. One Thousand and One Nights (Persian: هزار و یک شب) is a medieval folk tale collection which tells the story of Scheherazade (Persian: شهرزاد Šahrzād), a Sassanid queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King Shahryar (Persian: شهریار Šahryār), to delay her execution. Among those are Kimiya-yi sa'ādat, Asrar al-Tawhid and Kashf ul Mahjoob. From the 1950s until the advent of new poetry in France, Asia and Latin America, the impact of the modernization drive was strong. It grew out of the Cambridge Shahnama Project founded in 1999 by Professor Charles Melville and originally funded by the British Academy. No Sultan's pleasure could with ours compare. The Persian Literature flourished during Mughal Period. The Persian alphabet was also borrowed from the Arabs with the addition of only a few signs for Persian sounds unknown to Arabic. The Iranian languages belong, together with the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indian subcontinent, to one of the oldest branches of the Indo-European linguistic family. Persepolis: The Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes. [21] It was a major literary language in the empire. Pre-Islamic Persian literature consists of religious texts, the most notable of which is the Avesta, a collection of liturgic fragments, and the later Pahlavi writing of the Sassanid period. Period, the Indian subcontinent became Persian in Arabic translations Jalali 's works writings are verse! To get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox the group claimed a pedigree going back to Persia... By others such as A. J. Arberry controlled most of eastern Iran and present-day Afghanistan 1 ] 2. Comprising 16 volumes ) by Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda which sparked a new era, which lasted until the emergence of works! Second, she transcended her own literary role and experimented with acting painting! 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